Properties and Evolution Path of Ore-Forming Fluid in Qiagong Polymetallic Deposit of Middle Gangdese in Tibet, China
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摘要: 目前对于中冈底斯成矿带上的矿床的研究主要在地质特征、成矿时代和成矿岩体成因方面，而对于其形成过程尤其是成矿流体演化方面的详细研究报道较少.该成矿带上的恰功多金属矿床代表了主碰撞期的成矿作用，其矿化形式包括矽卡岩型的铁（铜）、热液脉型铅锌银（铜）和碳酸盐交代型铅锌银3种.通过野外地质调查和镜下岩矿相观察，可将该矿床的形成过程划分为（Ⅰ）石榴石-磁铁矿复合阶段、（Ⅱ）绿帘石-磁铁矿阶段、（Ⅲ）石英-赤铁矿阶段、（Ⅳ）萤石-黄铜矿阶段、（Ⅴ）方解石-方铅矿-闪锌矿阶段和（Ⅵ）方解石-石英6个成矿阶段.对代表成矿各阶段的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、显微激光拉曼、质子激发X荧光光谱分析等，结果显示成矿流体从早期到晚期温度、压力、密度和盐度不断降低，兼有渐变和突变，流体相主要成分由早期H2O-NaCl（Ⅰ-Ⅱ）经中期H2O-NaCl-FeCl2-3±MgCl2（Ⅲ）和H2O-CO2-NaCl（Ⅳ）向晚期H2O-NaCl-CaCl2（Ⅴ&Ⅵ）变化.期间铜的沉淀主要与Ⅳ阶段流体沸腾有关，铅锌的沉淀可能与Ⅴ阶段温度降低有关，也可能为叠加矿化的结果.Abstract: The current study of the deposits on the Middle Gangdese metallogenic belt is mainly related to geological features, metallogenic epochs and the origin of ore-forming rock masses.However, there are less detailed reports on the formation process, especially the evolution of ore-forming fluids.Qiagong polymetallic deposit located in the belt is genetically related to monzogranite porphyry formed at early India-Asia continental collision.The mineralization styles include skarn type Fe(-Cu), distal vein type Pb-Zn-Ag(-Cu) and carbonate replacement type Pb-Zn-Ag.Based on field observation and petrographic results the ore-forming process in this deposit can be divided into at least six stages including complexed garnet-magnetite stage (Ⅰ), epidote-magnetite stage (Ⅱ), quartz-hematite stage (Ⅲ), fluorite-chalcopyrite stage (Ⅳ), calcite-galena-sphalerite stage (Ⅴ) and calcite-quartz stage (Ⅵ).Petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman microprobe results of fluid inclusions in quartz, garnet, epidote, calcite and fluorite from these six stages demonstrate that the pressure, temperature, density and salinity of the ore forming fluid decrease from early to later stage, and the fluid system change from early H2O-NaCl (Ⅰ-Ⅱ) via H2O-NaCl-FeCl2-3±MgCl2(Ⅲ), H2O-CO2-NaCl (Ⅳ) to late H2O-NaCl-CaCl2(Ⅴ & Ⅵ).The deposition of Cu in Qiagong was triggered by the boiling of the ore-forming fluid of H2O-CO2-NaCl system from stage Ⅳ.The deposition of Pb and Zn might be ascribed to the temperature decrease, or it might also be the result of mineralization superposition.
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Key words:
- Qiagong polymetallic deposit /
- fluid inclusions /
- ore-forming fluid /
- porphyry /
- skarn type /
- hydrotherm type /
- ore deposit
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图 1 西藏冈底斯弧背断隆带多金属矿床分布
据Zhu et al.(2011)和段志明等(2014)修改.LMF.洛巴堆-米拉山断裂带; ZCF.扎日南木错-措麦断裂带; YNJF.永珠-纳木错-嘉黎断裂带
Fig. 1. The distribution of polymetallic deposits in Gangdese back arc fault uplift belt of Tibetan Plateau
图 3 恰功多金属矿床矿石及其围岩照片
a.角砾状磁铁矿石，石榴石矽卡岩胶结磁铁矿角砾；b.含铜磁铁矿化石榴石矽卡岩；c.矽卡岩化塔克那组东部铜铅锌矿赋矿断裂；d.包裹于块状方铅矿中的黄铜矿和萤石
Fig. 3. Photos of ores and wallrock of Qiagong polymetallic deposit
图 5 恰功多金属矿床成矿流体包裹体岩相照片(a~f)及ADV类LRM分析谱图(g~i)
a.石英中的AV类流体包裹体；b.石榴石中的AV类流体包裹体；c.石英中的AV类流体包裹体群；d.石英中的非均一捕获AC类流体包裹体群；e.萤石中的非均一捕获AC类流体包裹体群被后期AV类流体包裹体群切割；f.含少量CO2的ADV类流体包裹体；g.石英子晶LRM谱图；h.水溶液相LRM谱图；i.气泡相LRM谱图
Fig. 5. Petrographic photos of fluid inclusions in ores of Qiagong polymetallic deposit (a-f) and LRM results of ADV type (g-i)
图 6 恰功铅锌矿体中AV类流体包裹体的均一温度和频数分布直方图
Fig. 6. Frequency histogram for homogenization temperature of AV type fluid inclusions in lead-zinc ores of Qiagong
图 7 恰功矿床AV类包裹体PIXE扫描图片及显微照片
Fig. 7. PIXE mapping and micrography of AV type fluid inclusions of Qiagong polymetallic deposit
图 8 恰功多金属矿萤石-黄铜矿阶段非均一捕获流体包裹体群等容线法温压图解
Fig. 8. Temperature and pressure diagram of iso-Th line for inhomogeneous trapping F.I.A.at fluorite-chalcopyrite stage of Qiagong polymetallic deposit
图 9 恰功多金属矿床流体演化路径
Fig. 9. Evolution path of ore-forming fluid in Qiagong polymetallic deposit
表 1 恰功多金属矿流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1. The fluid inclusion microthermometric results of Qiagong polymetallic deposit
类型 矿物 矿物组合 所属阶段 尺寸(μm) 气相充填度(%) 数量(个) Tm(CO2) Te Tm(ice) Th(CO2) Th(L-V) Tm 均一方式 (℃) ADV 石榴石 石榴石矽卡岩磁铁矿矿石 Ⅰ 4~8 25 5 401~410 319~328 L 绿帘石 绿帘石矽卡岩 Ⅱ 8~12 20~25 5 391~405 301~320 L 石英 含粒状石英透辉石矽卡岩 Ⅱ 8~13 20~25 7 372~382 227~232 L AC 石英 石英-赤铁矿脉 Ⅲ 12~15 25~40 8 -56.6 -37.8 -1.2~3.5 278~318 L 萤石 萤石-黄铜矿矿石 Ⅳ 20~45 15~20 10 -59.5 4.7~6.9 26.7~29.1 233破裂 22~32 25~40 8 -57.8 5.3~5.6 26.2~26.5 212破裂 19~35 45~60 9 -56.6 6.4~8.3 24.9~27.9 220破裂 15~21 60~80 12 -56.6 4.4~4.6 24.9~26.9 235破裂 12~16 >90 12 -59.6 4.5~5.0 24.5~25.3 215破裂 石英 含石英萤石-黄铜矿矿石 Ⅳ 12~15 15~20 15 -58.6 4.2~6.9 271~277 L 11~12 25~40 8 -57.6 5.0~5.8 288~310 L 11~12 45~60 12 -58.5 -6.7~8.0 340~342 L部分气相扩大后临界 11~13 60~80 5 -59.2 5.0~5.5 290~327 V 8~10 >90 3 -56.6 4.3~5.5 267~283 V 石榴石 含赤铁矿石榴石矽卡岩 S 8 25~30 2 -57.5 -36.9 -0.3~0.5 310~323 C 萤石 含石英萤石-黄铜矿矿石 Ⅳ 15 / 1 -56.9 24.6 石英 含石英萤石-黄铜矿矿石 Ⅳ 9 / 1 -56.8 24.6 AV 石英 石英-黄铁矿 Ⅴ 7~12 20~25 11 -20.8~-21.6 -2.0~-4.1 219~239 含石英方解石铅锌矿石 Ⅴ 8~12 15~20 81 -26.2~-29.8 -2.6~-5.1 161~279 石英-方解石脉 Ⅵ 9~13 8~15 15 -21.3~-52.3 -1.5~-4.2 50~210 方解石 含石英方解石铅锌矿石 Ⅴ 7~12 15~20 79 -26.2~-29.8 -2.6~-5.1 168~283 石英-方解石脉 Ⅵ 9~12 8~15 14 -21.5~-50.6 -1.5~-4.2 55~208 石榴石 含方解石石榴石矽卡岩 S 9~12 15~25 10 -23.0~-41.0 -7.5~-16.5 318~362 萤石 含石英萤石-黄铜矿矿石 S 6~9 10~15 10 -26.8~30.3 -1.1~-2.0 240~251 注：S.次生相；L.液相；V.气相.所属阶段指所测流体包裹体代表的阶段，见正文描述. 
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