Geology and Preliminary Mineral Genesis of the Cuonadong W-Sn Polymetallic Deposit, Southern Tibet, China
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摘要: 前人尚未关注特提斯喜马拉雅铅锌金锑成矿带钨锡成矿问题.错那洞钨锡多金属矿床位于特提斯喜马拉雅东段，产于新发现的错那洞大型片麻岩穹隆构造之中.错那洞钨锡多金属矿床主要富集钨、锡、铍，伴生铜、铅、锌、铋、钼等，其矿化类型主要为矽卡岩型；此外，铍的矿化类型还有伟晶岩型.主要矿石矿物为白钨矿、锡石和硅铍石，含有少量的黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉铋矿、辉钼矿等，翠砷铜铀矿、晶质铀矿和钍石的发现表明错那洞地区具铀矿成矿潜力.研究结果表明，错那洞钨锡多金属矿床可达到大型-超大型规模.较低的Zr含量、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta比值表明错那洞大型片麻岩穹隆核部淡色花岗岩为高分异花岗岩；花岗岩具有富钛铁矿、贫磁铁矿特征，Fe2O3/FeO < 0.5，锆石Ce/Ce*平均值约为23，暗示错那洞淡色花岗岩为还原性花岗岩.具还原性的高分异花岗岩是错那洞钨锡多金属矿床形成的必要条件，而片麻岩穹隆构造是其空间分布的控制因素，由此认为错那洞钨锡多金属矿受片麻岩穹隆构造和淡色花岗岩的双重控制.Abstract: Researchers have not paid attention to the tungsten-tin mineralization of the Tethys Himalayan lead-zinc-gold-metallogenic belt.The Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit is located in a newly recognized giant gneiss dome, eastern Tethys Himalaya.The deposit is rich in W, Sn and Be, accompanied by Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi and Mo, of which mineralization type is skarn-type. Besides, the mineralization of beryllium contains pegmatite type.Main ore minerals are scheelite, cassiterite and bertrandite, with minor chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bismuthinite and molybdenited.There are also some zeunerite, uraninite and thorite, indicating the uranium mineralization potential.Geological survey shows that the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit could be a large-or super large-scale ore deposit.Low concentration of Zr and relatively low ratios of Zr/Hf and Nb/Tb demonstrate that leucogranite within the Cuonadong dome is highly fractional crystallization.Meanwhile, there is absolutely little magnetite but relatively rich in ilmenite with Fe2O3/FeO < 0.5 and low Ce/Ce* ratio (average 23) in leucogranite, indicating characteristics of reductive granite.The reductive and highly fractional crystallization granite is a necessary condition for the formation of the tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit, additionally, the gneiss dome controls its spatial distribution.Therefore, the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit is both controlled by dome structure and leucogranite.
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Key words:
- Tethys Himalaya belt /
- Cuonadong /
- W-Sn deposit /
- leucogranite /
- skarn /
- ore deposit
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图 2 错那洞片麻岩穹隆物质组成
a.二云母花岗岩(深色)和白云母(白色)花岗岩；b.白云母花岗岩未变形，主要矿物为石英、斜长石、白云母，含有少量的石榴石(正交偏光)；c.花岗质片麻岩中石英发生强烈的形变；d.花岗质片麻岩中石榴石发生形变(正交偏光)；e.片麻岩中发育两期伟晶岩脉；f.伟晶岩由长石、石英和白云母等组成，未发生变形(正交偏光)；g.强变形的石榴二云母片岩；h.石榴二云片岩发生剪切变形(正交偏光)；i.石榴十字石片岩中粗大的石榴石和十字石.Qz.石英；Pl.斜长石；Bi.黑云母；Chl.绿泥石；Grt.石榴石；Ms.白云母；St.十字石
Fig. 2. Composition of the Cuonadong gneiss dome in southern Tibet
图 3 错那洞钨锡多金属矿矿体产出的空间位置
a.错那洞片麻岩穹隆“核-幔-壳”结构，显示矿体为矽卡岩化大理岩，存在于穹隆结构中部强变形的石榴二云片岩带中；b.大理岩层中矽卡岩，翠绿色为绿泥石，褐色为绿帘石
Fig. 3. Ore position of the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit
图 4 错那洞钨锡多金属矿床大理岩及矽卡岩特征
a.大理岩具有成层性；b.大理岩中方解石与白云母共生，其间充填他形石英(正交偏光)；c.含大量自形绿帘石集合体的矽卡岩；d.显微镜下少量透辉石、透闪石和石榴石与绿帘石共生(正交偏光).Qz.石英；Di.透辉石；Ep.绿帘石；Cc.方解石；Grt.石榴石；Ms.白云母
Fig. 4. Characteristics of skarnization marble in the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit
图 5 错那洞钨锡多金属矿床矿石宏观及微观特征
a.矽卡岩中的锡石呈自形状集合体产出；b.荧光灯下，矽卡中白钨矿发出天蓝色荧光；c.锡石与石英共生，且锡石具有结晶环带(正交偏光)；d.白钨矿与石英共生，显示出强内反射特征(反射光)；e.伟晶岩中富Be的绿柱石具有典型的六方柱晶形；f.硅铍石和羟硅铍石是矽卡岩中重要的富Be矿物，且与锡石具有共生关系(BSD图像).Cst.锡石；Sch.白钨矿；Qz.石英；Brl.绿柱石；Be.硅铍石；Ber.羟硅铍石；Di.透辉石；Ep.绿帘石；Tri.透闪石
Fig. 5. Macro- and micro-features of ores in the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit
图 6 错那洞钨锡多金属矿床典型矿物交生关系及对应的能谱面扫描图
a.扫描电镜下主要矿物(白钨矿、锡石及萤石)的交生关系，显示钨锡矿形成于同一时间；b~f.对应图a视域中F、W、Sn、Si和Ca等元素分布特征.Cst.锡石；Sch.白钨矿；Fl.萤石；Di.透辉石
Fig. 6. Relationship of typical ore minerals and its corresponding distribution of main elements by scanning electron microscope within the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit
图 7 错那洞钨锡多金属矿床主要金属矿物BSE图像特征
a.矽卡岩中闪锌矿残留体；b.自形方铅矿晶体；c.矽卡岩中残留黄铜矿，氧化边为赤铁矿；d.自形辉锑矿晶体；e.矽卡岩中自形泡铋矿；f.他形辉铋矿；g.与方解石共生的针状辉钼矿；h.矽卡岩中放射状翠砷铜铀矿集合体；i.自形晶质铀矿；j.粒状钍石晶体.Sph.闪锌矿；Gn.方铅矿；Bis.泡铋矿；Bmt.辉铋矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Hem.赤铁矿；Cc.方解石；Mb.辉钼矿；Zeu.翠砷铀矿；Ura.晶质铀矿；Tho.钍石；Sch.白钨矿；Stb.辉锑矿
Fig. 7. BSE image characteristics of main metal minerals within the Cuonadong W-Sn polymetallic deposit
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