拉萨地块中北部尼雄地区早白垩世火山岩的成因及构造意义

苟正彬; 刘函; 李俊; 崔浩杰; 杨洋

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2018.153

拉萨地块中北部尼雄地区早白垩世火山岩的成因及构造意义

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.153

1.
中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 四川成都 610081
2.
成都理工大学地球科学学院, 四川成都 610059

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 DD20160015

四川省基金项目 2014JQ0025

国家自然科学基金项目 41303028

国家自然科学基金项目 41773026

详细信息

作者简介:
苟正彬(1986-), 男, 博士研究生, 主要从事大陆造山带形成与构造演化研究

中图分类号: P597
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-03-12
- 刊出日期: 2018-08-15

The Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of Early Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks in Nixiong Area from the Central and Northern Lhasa Terrane

1.
Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China
2.
College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

摘要

摘要: 以往的研究多侧重于拉萨地体中南部，对拉萨地块中北部地区的火山岩浆活动的分布特点、火山岩成因及构造意义关注相对较少，且对该地区中生代火山岩的成因机制存在不同认识.尼雄地区广泛发育的白垩纪火山岩保存了大量青藏高原新生代之前的地质演化信息.岩石学和锆石U-Pb定年研究表明，火山岩类型主要为玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩和流纹岩，其SiO₂含量为55.76%～77.78%，铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0.89～3.04，属高钾钙碱性-碱钙性、偏铝质-过铝质岩石；其富集Th、U，亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素，显示出A型花岗质岩石特征；此外，流纹岩具有较高的SiO₂含量和极低的MgO、TiO₂、P₂O₅含量及δEu值，相对亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr和Eu等元素，与高分异的A型流纹岩特征一致.从1个玄武安山岩、1个粗面安山岩和2个流纹岩样品中获得的岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄分别为117 Ma、127 Ma和126～127 Ma，代表了尼雄地区早白垩世火山岩的形成年龄，否定了前人把尼雄地区火山岩全归属为始新世林子宗群年波组或渐新世日贡拉组的认识.综合研究表明，玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩和流纹岩可能为壳幔熔体混合的结果，并伴随着一定的分离结晶作用.它们可能同时受到班公湖-怒江洋壳向南、雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋壳向北双向俯冲的影响.
- 青藏高原 /
- 拉萨地块 /
- 早白垩世 /
- 火山作用 /
- 岩石成因 /
- 地球化学 /
- 地质年代学
Abstract: Many studies have been focused on the central and southern Lhasa terrane, but it remains controversial as to the genetic mechanism of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the central and northern Lhasa terrane due to less attention paid to the distribution characteristics of volcanic magmatism, the origin of volcanic rocks, and the tectonic significance of the volcanic rocks. Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks are widely exposed in Nixiong area, which record abundant pre-Cenozoic evolutionary geohistory of the Tibetan Plateau. Petrological and zircon U-Pb dating analyses show that the volcanic rocks are mainly composed of basalitic andesite, trachyandesite and rhyolites. They have variable SiO₂ contents ranging from 55.76% to 77.78%, and alumina saturation index (A/CNK) of 0.89-3.04, indicative of high-K calc-alkaline to alkaline-calc and metaluminous to peraluminous. They are characterized by the enrichment of Th and U, and the depletion of HFSEs (such as Nb and Ta), typical of A-type granitoids. In addition, rhyolites show distinct high SiO₂, but low MgO, TiO₂, P₂O₅ and δEu, and display fiercely negative Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr and Eu anomalies, suggesting that they are highly fractionated A-type rocks. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of magmatic zircons from one basalitic andesite, one trachyandesite and two rhyolites samples indicate that they were formed at 117 Ma, 127 Ma and 126-127 Ma, respectively. It is proved that results of previous studies are wrong in that the volcanic rocks in Nixiong area are all Eocene Nianbo Formation of Lingzizhong group or Oligocene Rigongla Formation. In addition, it is found that the basalitic andesite, trachyandesite and rhyolites are likely derived from partial melting of a crust-mantle mixed source, and have experienced significant fractional crystallization. We speculate that the studied rocks have been affected by double subduction of southward subduction of Bangong Co-Nujiang Tethys oceanic crust, and northward subduction of Yalung-Zangbo oceanic crust.
- Tibetan Plateau /
- Lhasa terrane /
- Early Cretaceous /
- volcanism /
- petrogensis /
- geochemistry /
- geochronology

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图 1 青藏高原地质简图(a)和研究区地质简图(b)

图a据Zhu et al.(2008). JSSZ.金沙江缝合带；LSSZ.龙木错-双湖缝合带；BNSZ.班公湖-怒江缝合带；SNMZ.狮泉河-纳木错断裂；LMF.洛巴堆-米拉山断裂；IYZSZ.印度-雅鲁藏布江

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Tibetan Plateau (a) and geological map of the study area (b)

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图 2 玄武安山岩(a)、粗面安山岩(b)和流纹岩(c、d)样品显微镜下照片

Q.石英；Pl.斜长石；Bt.黑云母

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the basalitic andesite (a), trachyandesite (b) and rhyolite (c, d) samples

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图 3 早白垩世火山岩锆石U-Pb谐和图及代表性锆石阴极发光图像

圆圈为U-Pb年龄分析点

Fig. 3. Zircon U-Pb concordia plots of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, showing CL images of the typical zircon grains

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图 4 早白垩世火山岩SiO₂-Zr/TiO₂(a)和(Na₂O+K₂O)-SiO₂图解(b)

图a据Winchester and Floyd (1977)；图b据Frost et al.(2001)

Fig. 4. SiO₂-Zr/TiO₂ (a) and (Na₂O+K₂O)-SiO₂ (b) diagrams of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

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图 5 早白垩世火山岩的Th-Co关系

据Hastie et al.(2007)

Fig. 5. The relation of Th and Co for the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

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图 6 早白垩世火山岩原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(a)及球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式(b)

标准值据Sun and McDonough (1989)；上、中、下地壳值据Rudnick and Gao(2003)

Fig. 6. Primitive-mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram (a) and chondrite-normalized REE pattern (b) of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

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图 7 早白垩世火山岩TFe₂O₃/(TFe₂O₃+MgO)-SiO₂图解(a)与(Na₂O+K₂O-CaO)-SiO₂图解(b)

图a修改自Frost et al.(2001)和Rajesh(2007); 图b据Frost et al.(2001)

Fig. 7. Plots of TFe₂O₃/(TFe₂O₃+MgO) vs. SiO₂ (a) and (Na₂O+K₂O-CaO) vs. SiO₂ (b) of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

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图 8 早白垩世火山岩Nb-Y(a)和Rb-(Y+Nb)(b)判别图解

据Pearce and Norry (1979)

Fig. 8. Nb vs.Y (a) and Rb vs.(Y+Nb) (b) discrimination diagrams of the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

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表 1 玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩与流纹岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果

Table 1. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb data of the basalitic andesite, trachyandesite and rhyolite

样品	元素含量(10^-6)			Th/U	同位素比值						年龄(Ma)
样品	Pb	Th	U	Th/U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1 σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1 σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1 σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1 σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1 σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1 σ
D1651-N1玄武安山岩
D1651-N1-05	49	544	290	1.88	0.048 0	0.007 6	0.123 3	0.019 9	0.018 1	0.000 6	98	337.0	118	18.0	116	3.6
D1651-N1-06	63	764	644	1.19	0.050 7	0.004 7	0.124 1	0.010 6	0.018 5	0.000 4	228	203.7	119	9.6	118	2.5
D1651-N1-07	86	1 131	990	1.14	0.050 6	0.005 6	0.121 3	0.011 9	0.018 4	0.000 3	220	237.0	116	10.7	117	2.1
D1651-N1-08	129	1 599	1 627	0.98	0.049 6	0.003 9	0.123 5	0.008 9	0.018 6	0.000 3	176	174.0	118	8.0	119	2.1
D1651-N1-12	222	2 999	1974	1.52	0.049 0	0.003 2	0.124 6	0.007 6	0.018 5	0.000 3	146	153.7	119	6.8	118	1.8
D1651-N1-13	185	2 493	882	2.83	0.049 7	0.003 4	0.126 5	0.008 4	0.018 4	0.000 3	189	167.6	121	7.6	118	1.6
D1651-N1-14	96	1 120	482	2.32	0.048 0	0.004 0	0.122 3	0.009 6	0.018 5	0.000 3	98	185.2	117	8.7	118	2.2
D1651-N1-15	32	382	320	1.19	0.052 6	0.005 4	0.124 1	0.011 4	0.018 7	0.000 4	322	233.3	119	10.3	119	2.8
D1651-N1-17	81	1 048	482	2.17	0.050 7	0.004 2	0.122 3	0.009 6	0.017 9	0.000 3	233	194.4	117	8.7	114	1.9
D1651-N1-18	51	629	316	1.99	0.051 7	0.005 7	0.122 2	0.013 2	0.018 2	0.000 4	272	237.0	117	12.0	116	2.6
D1651-N1-19	143	1 904	1 302	1.46	0.050 0	0.003 5	0.122 2	0.008 2	0.018 0	0.000 3	195	164.8	117	7.4	115	1.8
PM01-N2粗面安山岩
PM01-N2-01	76	976	787	1.24	0.051 3	0.003 5	0.142 9	0.009 0	0.019 5	0.000 3	257	161.1	136	8.0	124	2.0
PM01-N2-02	108	1 414	1 329	1.06	0.048 1	0.002 2	0.135 9	0.005 5	0.020 2	0.000 2	102	107.4	129	5.0	129	1.5
PM01-N2-05	67	939	683	1.38	0.047 8	0.002 1	0.131 3	0.005 5	0.019 8	0.000 2	87	100.0	125	4.9	126	1.4
PM01-N2-06	129	1 663	1 460	1.14	0.045 6	0.003 4	0.133 6	0.009 4	0.020 2	0.000 3			127	8.4	129	2.1
PM01-N2-07	67	868	768	1.13	0.043 0	0.004 4	0.135 1	0.012 8	0.020 1	0.000 4			129	11.4	128	2.3
PM01-N2-08	95	1 223	1 140	1.07	0.048 4	0.003 5	0.134 5	0.008 8	0.019 9	0.000 3	120	159.2	128	7.9	127	2.0
PM01-N2-09	122	1 665	1 118	1.49	0.047 9	0.003 8	0.125 1	0.009 9	0.019 1	0.000 3	95	238.9	120	8.9	122	2.1
PM01-N2-10	76	1 000	893	1.12	0.045 2	0.004 1	0.135 6	0.011 2	0.019 7	0.000 4			129	10.0	126	2.3
PM01-N2-11	52	645	643	1.00	0.049 0	0.002 1	0.134 1	0.005 4	0.019 9	0.000 2	146	100.0	128	4.8	127	1.4
PM01-N2-12	139	1 850	1787	1.04	0.048 0	0.003 6	0.135 9	0.009 4	0.020 2	0.000 3	102	231.5	129	8.4	129	2.1
PM01-N2-17	108	1 459	1013	1.44	0.046 9	0.004 8	0.135 0	0.011 6	0.020 1	0.000 3	56	220.3	129	10.4	128	2.0
PM01-N7流纹岩
PM01-N7-01	73	970	624	1.55	0.049 1	0.002 4	0.129 8	0.006 5	0.019 3	0.000 3	154	116.7	124	5.9	123	1.7
PM01-N7-02	56	675	655	1.03	0.047 7	0.003 6	0.135 2	0.008 8	0.020 1	0.000 3	83	170.3	129	7.9	128	2.2
PM01-N7-03	60	769	670	1.15	0.044 9	0.003 6	0.132 2	0.010 1	0.019 8	0.000 3	error		126	9.1	127	2.2
PM01-N7-05	61	760	662	1.15	0.045 5	0.003 4	0.142 1	0.010 0	0.021 0	0.000 3	error		135	8.9	134	2.1
PM01-N7-09	45	533	464	1.15	0.050 2	0.002 6	0.143 0	0.007 7	0.020 5	0.000 2	206	122.2	136	6.9	131	1.5
PM01-N7-11	74	975	857	1.14	0.046 4	0.005 2	0.135 0	0.013 1	0.020 3	0.000 4	17	316.6	129	11.7	129	2.5
PM01-N7-14	193	2 373	2 304	1.03	0.047 9	0.003 8	0.129 0	0.009 1	0.019 2	0.000 3	100	233.3	123	8.2	122	1.8
PM01-N7-15	50	603	651	0.93	0.048 4	0.003 1	0.132 4	0.008 4	0.019 9	0.000 3	117	144.4	126	7.5	127	1.6
PM01-N7-16	107	1 254	903	1.39	0.048 7	0.002 4	0.135 7	0.006 3	0.020 1	0.000 2	200	119.4	129	5.7	128	1.4
PM01-N7-17	11	159	181	0.88	0.047 6	0.002 4	0.136 7	0.006 3	0.020 6	0.000 2	83	114.8	130	5.6	131	1.6
PM01-N7-19	101	1 280	1 008	1.27	0.048 5	0.003 1	0.127 2	0.007 5	0.019 0	0.000 3	124	209.2	122	6.8	121	1.8
PM01-N7-20	154	2 083	1 706	1.22	0.046 6	0.003 3	0.138 4	0.008 6	0.020 5	0.000 3	33	157.4	132	7.7	131	2.1
PM05-N1流纹岩
PM05-N1-01	58	559	684	0.82	0.047 2	0.004 0	0.133 0	0.010 6	0.019 9	0.000 3	61	194.4	127	9.5	127	2.1
PM05-N1-02	77	753	761	0.99	0.047 7	0.003 7	0.139 7	0.010 1	0.020 5	0.000 3	87	174.0	133	9.0	131	1.9
PM05-N1-03	22	229	305	0.75	0.038 7	0.006 0	0.130 5	0.015 9	0.019 1	0.000 4			125	14.3	122	2.3
PM05-N1-04	40	379	440	0.86	0.045 7	0.004 1	0.135 3	0.010 7	0.020 0	0.000 4			129	9.6	128	2.5
PM05-N1-05	130	1 453	810	1.79	0.049 4	0.003 3	0.137 2	0.008 7	0.020 0	0.000 3	169	38.9	131	7.7	128	1.6
PM05-N1-06	49	550	476	1.16	0.045 5	0.003 9	0.132 6	0.010 9	0.019 6	0.000 3			126	9.8	125	2.1
PM05-N1-07	28	298	270	1.10	0.044 1	0.006 8	0.134 5	0.018 3	0.020 0	0.000 5			128	16.3	128	2.9
PM05-N1-08	65	671	587	1.14	0.047 2	0.004 2	0.139 3	0.010 6	0.020 3	0.000 3	58	200.0	132	9.4	129	2.2
PM05-N1-09	54	565	468	1.21	0.046 5	0.004 3	0.130 7	0.011 1	0.019 7	0.000 5	33	201.8	125	9.9	126	2.9
PM05-N1-10	32	287	299	0.96	0.045 5	0.006 0	0.128 2	0.014 3	0.019 8	0.000 4			122	12.9	127	2.8
PM05-N1-11	112	1 239	961	1.29	0.048 1	0.002 9	0.134 8	0.007 7	0.020 2	0.000 3	106	133.3	128	6.9	129	1.7
PM05-N1-12	44	461	474	0.97	0.048 6	0.004 1	0.139 6	0.010 4	0.020 2	0.000 3	132	185.2	133	9.3	129	2.0
PM05-N1-13	33	325	322	1.01	0.044 0	0.005 8	0.132 2	0.015 0	0.019 2	0.000 4			126	13.5	122	2.3
PM05-N1-14	192	2 144	1 621	1.32	0.048 8	0.001 9	0.134 0	0.005 3	0.019 9	0.000 2	200	92.6	128	4.8	127	1.3
PM05-N1-15	82	863	850	1.02	0.047 0	0.002 9	0.126 8	0.007 7	0.019 4	0.000 3	56	131.5	121	6.9	124	1.6
PM05-N1-16	28	310	274	1.13	0.044 5	0.006 8	0.129 3	0.017 1	0.018 9	0.000 5			123	15.3	121	3.4
PM05-N1-18	78	865	683	1.27	0.047 4	0.004 2	0.126 4	0.010 6	0.018 8	0.000 4	78	187.0	121	9.6	120	2.8
PM05-N1-19	62	676	598	1.13	0.048 8	0.005 9	0.129 7	0.014 2	0.018 6	0.000 4	139	259.2	124	12.8	119	2.3
PM05-N1-20	111	1 136	1 209	0.94	0.047 8	0.002 4	0.131 6	0.006 4	0.019 9	0.000 2	100	111.1	125	5.7	127	1.5
PM05-N1-21	236	2 898	2 941	0.99	0.049 5	0.003 5	0.137 9	0.009 2	0.020 0	0.000 3	169	159.2	131	8.2	128	1.7
PM05-N1-22	124	1 316	1 524	0.86	0.046 7	0.003 3	0.123 9	0.009 0	0.019 1	0.000 4	35	159.2	119	8.1	122	2.3

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表 2 早白垩世火山岩全岩主量(%)、微量(10^-6)和稀土元素(10^-6)分析结果

Table 2. Major elements (%), trace elements (10^-6) and rare earth elements (10^-6) results of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks

岩性	玄武安山岩		粗面安山岩				流纹岩
样品	D1651-H1	D1651-H2	PM01-H6	PM01-H8	PM01-H7	PM01-H12	PM01-H1	PM01-H2	PM05-H1	PM05-H2	PM05-H3
SiO₂	55.79	56.15	56.48	55.76	57.82	57.44	71.36	71.96	72.57	78.37	78.78
TiO₂	0.90	0.89	1.41	1.36	1.21	1.34	0.35	0.36	0.32	0.11	0.14
Al₂O₃	16.97	16.86	17.44	17.86	17.16	17.14	15.34	15.48	15.96	12.93	13.51
Fe₂O₃	8.08	7.93	8.17	8.04	7.47	7.29	2.14	2.22	2.90	2.04	0.91
MnO	0.13	0.14	0.16	0.17	0.14	0.18	0.13	0.13	0.01	0.01	0.01
MgO	3.82	3.58	3.23	3.94	2.36	2.88	0.66	0.61	0.28	0.26	0.33
CaO	5.54	6.20	3.44	3.40	4.35	3.11	1.06	0.48	0.10	0.06	0.10
Na₂O	3.72	3.56	3.94	3.38	4.62	4.49	3.90	4.42	0.16	0.08	0.12
K₂O	1.82	1.66	1.87	2.11	1.50	2.16	2.38	2.18	4.28	3.95	3.76
P₂O₅	0.20	0.22	0.36	0.36	0.37	0.37	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.06	0.03
LOI	2.94	2.70	3.40	3.54	2.92	3.45	2.54	2.02	3.26	2.09	2.26
Total	99.91	99.89	99.90	99.92	99.92	99.85	99.95	99.95	99.90	99.96	99.94
K+Na	5.54	5.22	5.81	5.49	6.12	6.65	6.28	6.60	4.44	4.03	3.88
K/Na	0.49	0.47	0.47	0.62	0.32	0.48	0.61	0.49	26.75	47.59	31.33
A/CNK	0.93	0.89	1.18	1.27	1.00	1.11	1.40	1.47	3.14	2.86	3.04
A/NK	2.10	2.20	2.05	2.28	1.86	1.76	1.71	1.61	3.26	2.93	3.17
Mg^#	48.36	47.21	43.92	49.26	38.49	43.90	37.92	35.25	16.06	20.16	41.80
La	28.3	28.4	32.2	29.2	32.0	31.7	44.1	41.8	55.2	46.9	67.1
Ce	54.1	54.8	64.4	60.3	65.5	62.2	83.5	78.2	115.0	91.5	124
Pr	6.3	6.3	8.2	7.5	8.0	7.9	9.3	8.9	12.5	11.3	14.6
Nd	24.4	24.3	33.3	30.2	32.4	32.5	33.7	31.9	47.0	42.2	52.5
Sm	5.0	5.0	7.3	6.6	7.1	7.3	6.1	5.8	9.6	8.5	9.7
Eu	1.4	1.3	2.1	1.9	1.9	2.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	0.9	1.2
Gd	5.2	5.1	7.8	7.0	7.2	7.8	5.3	5.3	9.1	7.9	8.2
Tb	0.8	0.8	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	0.8	0.8	1.4	1.2	1.2
Dy	5.2	5.2	7.6	6.7	7.1	7.3	5.4	5.3	8.6	7.6	7.1
Ho	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.1	1.1	1.7	1.5	1.4
Er	3.2	3.1	4.6	4.0	4.3	4.3	3.5	3.6	5.1	4.6	4.0
Tm	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.6
Yb	3.1	3.0	4.4	3.8	4.1	4.2	3.9	3.9	5.2	4.4	3.8
Lu	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.5
ΣREE	138.8	139.3	175.8	160.7	173.2	171.2	199	189	273	230	296
Eu/Eu^*	0.86	0.82	0.87	0.84	0.83	0.85	0.67	0.75	0.48	0.33	0.42
(La/Yb)_N	6.51	6.59	5.21	5.45	5.53	5.30	8.04	7.52	7.52	7.43	12.52
(La/Gd)_N	4.58	4.70	3.50	3.51	3.74	3.42	6.96	6.68	5.14	5.00	6.89
(Gd/Yb)_N	1.42	1.40	1.49	1.55	1.48	1.55	1.15	1.13	1.46	1.49	1.82
Sc	22.8	22.2	17.8	17.8	14.5	15.9	3.9	3.8	10.6	5.8	6.6
V	188.0	189.0	123.0	119.0	84.6	106.0	6.6	6.9	22.4	1.9	3.3
Cr	20.2	28.3	5.0	3.4	1.2	1.8	0.9	1.8	12.5	1.0	1.6
Co	22.3	22.4	15.8	15.2	10.1	12.0	1.3	1.0	0.9	0.3	0.2
Ni	8.4	12.3	3.5	3.3	1.8	2.8	1.0	0.6	2.1	0.5	0.6
Ga	18.1	17.9	20.3	19.2	18.2	19.1	17.1	17.4	21.5	21.6	17.0
Rb	45.9	34.9	90.8	101.0	69.1	78.9	124.0	99.7	185.0	204.0	189.0
Sr	357.0	356.0	393.0	348.0	375.0	580.0	128.0	176.0	12.9	9.3	11.6
Y	27.6	27.0	40.6	35.2	37.1	38.8	30.8	31.1	42.8	39.7	36.1
Zr	149.0	147.0	180.0	170.0	187.0	182.0	254.0	256.0	310.0	181.0	227.0
Nb	6.5	6.4	9.4	8.9	9.7	9.5	11.8	11.6	17.7	15.4	15.8
Cs	2.9	2.2	3.3	4.5	2.3	2.6	3.5	2.6	6.6	2.5	4.6
Ba	598.0	525.0	376.0	414.0	369.0	736.0	292.0	308.0	631.0	342.0	450.0
Hf	4.4	4.4	5.2	5.0	5.4	5.2	6.7	6.7	9.4	7.4	7.5
Ta	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	1.0	1.0	1.6	1.4	1.3
Pb	7.6	8.4	7.2	4.9	20.1	10.6	27.2	46.2	15.6	2.5	2.3
Th	8.6	8.4	8.7	8.0	9.2	8.6	16.3	15.9	31.3	35.4	25.1
U	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.5	2.7	2.6	4.5	2.9	3.5

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