Hydrocarbon Fluid Geological Characteristics of the Xishanyao Formation and Its Uranium Metallogenic Significance, Northwest Junggar Basin
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摘要: 目前对准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组烃类流体的性质、类型、作用特征及机理还未开展过系统研究，从而导致砂岩绿色化成因及其与铀矿化的关系仍不是十分清楚.对西山窑组原生灰色砂岩和绿色蚀变砂岩进行了野外岩心观察、光薄片镜下鉴定、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、化学全分析、流体包裹体以及C、O稳定同位素分析测试.结果表明：绿色蚀变砂岩普遍发育较强的粘土化（主要为蒙脱石化和绿泥石化）、黄铁矿化和碳酸盐化；其高岭石相对含量明显减少，还原容量增高；碳酸盐胶结物δ13CV-PDB明显偏负，为-12.8‰~-8.6‰，δ18OV-PDB为-11.7‰~-7.7‰；流体包裹体气体成分以CH4为主，含少量CO2.绿色蚀变砂岩遭受了偏碱性还原态烃类流体改造，进而掩盖保护了早期形成的古氧化带及古铀矿体，增加了找矿难度；且与近现代含氧含铀水相互作用形成了目前发现的铀矿体.Abstract: The nature,type,function and mechanism of hydrocarbon fluids in Xishanyao Formation in Northwest Junggar Basin have not been systematically studied,and the genesis of the greenish alteration sandstone and its correlation with the sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization is still not clear. Through a series of measurements (e. g. rock-mineral identification,whole-rock geochemical test,fluid inclusion and C-O isotopic analysis),the mineralogical,geochemical,and isotopic characteristics have been researched for the primary gray sandstones and the greenish alteration sandstones,respectively. Petrographic observations indicate that the greenish alteration sandstones widespread a strong clay alteration (mainly montmorillonitization and chloritization),pyritization and carbonatization,and has less kaolinite content and high reduction capacity compared with the gray sandstones. The carbonate cements occurred in the greenish alteration sandstones have a light C-O isotope signature characterized by negative δ13CV-PDB values ranging from -12.8‰ to -8.6‰,and δ18OV-PDB values changing from -11.7‰ to -7.7‰. Furthermore,a large amount of methane and a little carbon dioxide have been identified within fluid inclusions. Therefore,the greenish alteration sandstones mostly experienced a reworking event by the deeply alkaline reductive hydrocarbon fluid,resulting in the concealment and protection of the paleo-oxidization sandstone belt and the early-formed uranium ore bodies,thus increasing the difficulty for prospecting. Besides,it produces the current discovered uranium ore bodies due to the interaction between the greenish sandstone and the modern uranium-bearing and oxygenated underground water.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地西北缘位置(a)、构造分区(b)、铀矿体定位(c)及绿色蚀变带分布(d)
图b据沈扬等(2015), 图c和图d据黄少华等(2018)
Fig. 1. Location (a), structural division (b), uranium orebodies (c) and greenish alteration zone (d) of northwestern Junggar Basin
图 2 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组砂岩野外岩心宏观及光薄片镜下微观照片
a.原生细砂岩镜下全貌, 正交偏光(SC6-2);b.黑云母绿泥石化, 正交偏光(SC8-1);c.原生深灰色细砂岩, 较疏松, 富含大量黑色有机质碳屑(SC6-2);d.原生细砂岩胶结物中含胶状黄铁矿(FC2-1);e.绿色蚀变细砂岩(SC7-1);f.灰绿色砂砾岩, 白色方解石胶结(SC8-3);g.亮晶方解石胶结, 交代碎屑矿物, 正交偏光(SC8-1);h.团块状黄铁矿(FC1-1);i.灰绿色泥质粗砂岩, 见大量粒状黄铁矿颗粒与油斑共(伴)生(FC1-1);j.后生黄铁矿呈胶结物产出, 反射光+正交偏光(FC1-1);k.晚期形成的亮白色二价铁矿物包裹早期褐红色三价铁的氧化物, 反射光(FC2-3);l.黑色沥青脉, 正交偏光(SC8-1)
Fig. 2. Typical macro- and microscopic photographs of sandstone of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
图 3 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组砂岩扫描电镜照片
a.原生灰色砂岩大量存在的主要粘土矿物－粒间层片状高岭石(SC6-2);b.粒间方解石胶结(FC2-3);c.自形黄铁矿及白云石(FC2-3);d.粒间丝片状蒙脱石(SC8-3);e.粒表的片状蒙脱石(SC6-4);f.粒表薄片状伊/蒙混层(SC8-3);g.自形锆石、粒间片状伊利石和针状绿泥石(FC1-1);h.针状绿泥石和自生石英(SC6-4);i.多孔的沥青有机质(SC6-4). Kl.高岭石; Sm.蒙脱石; I/S.伊/蒙混层; Chl.绿泥石; Zr.锆石; Il.伊利石; Qtz.石英; Cc.方解石; Py.黄铁矿; Dol.白云石
Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope photographs of sandstones of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
图 4 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组绿色蚀变砂岩流体包裹体显微照片及激光拉曼谱图
a.微裂缝中充填轻质油, 显示淡蓝色荧光(SC6-4);b.沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙呈带状分布, 呈褐色-深褐色的液烃包裹体(SC8-3);c.沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙呈带状分布, 呈无色-灰色的含烃盐水包裹体(SC8-1);d.沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙呈带状分布, 呈灰色-深灰色的气烃包裹体(FC1-1);e、f.包裹体激光拉曼气体成分谱图(分别为FC1-1和SC8-1)
Fig. 4. Micrograph and laser Raman spectra of fluid inclusions within greenish alteration sandstone of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
图 5 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组绿色蚀变砂岩碳、氧同位素组成分布
图版来源于刘建明等(1997)
Fig. 5. Characteristics of δ18OV-SMOW and δ13CV-PDB of greenish alteration sandstone of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
图 6 准噶尔盆地西北缘中侏罗统西山窑组砂岩铀成矿模式
Fig. 6. Sandstone-type uranium metallogenic model of the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
表 1 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组砂岩全岩和粘土X射线衍射结果
Table 1. Results of clay content and X-ray diffraction of sandstones of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
地化分带 样品 埋深(m) 岩性 相对含量(%) 绝对含量(%) K S I C 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 粘土矿物 原生带 SC6-2 137 深灰色细砂岩 36 35 14 15 52.0 5.1 / / / 42.9 SC8-2 244 灰色粗砂岩 38 28 15 19 49.7 7.4 7.6 / / 35.3 FC2-1 609.5 灰色细砂岩 61 18 8 13 59.8 4.2 6.3 16.6 / 13.1 平均值 45 27 12 15 53.8 5.5 6.9 / / 30.4 绿色蚀变带 SC6-4 150 灰绿色砂砾岩 17 47 20 16 80.5 3.7 1.3 13.2 1.3 SC7-1 222 绿色细砂岩 - - - - 29.2 3.5 9.6 35.2 / 22.5 SC8-1 244 灰绿色细砂岩 17 72 11 / 40.1 6.3 7.9 23.2 / 22.5 SC8-3 177 灰绿色砂砾岩 4 78 12 6 46.0 5.0 13.1 7.7 / 28.2 FC1-1 603 灰绿色泥质粗砂岩 33 6 35 26 48.3 3.7 12.4 / 16.8 18.8 FC2-3 632.6 灰绿色细砂岩 49 22 13 16 34.6 1.3 7.5 4.8 21.4 30.4 平均值 24 45 18 16 46.4 3.9 8.6 16.8 19.1 20.6 注：K.高岭石, S.蒙脱石, I.伊利石, C.绿泥石; “/”为未检出, “-”代表未检测. 
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表 2 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组砂岩地球化学环境参数
Table 2. Geochemical parameters of sandstones of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
地化分带 样号 TFe2O3(%) FeO(%) △Fe3+/Fe2+ Org.C(%) ΣS (%) △Eh (mV) 原生带 SC6-2 1.91 1.21 0.38 0.866 0.027 81 SC8-2 2.84 1.56 0.60 0.08 0.032 16 FC2-1 1.71 0.61 0.25 0.322 0.546 33 平均值 2.1 1.1 0.41 0.42 0.2 43.3 绿色蚀变带 SC6-4 1.74 1.51 0.047 0.187 0.569 26 SC7-1 3.35 2.99 0.003 0.476 0.009 56 SC8-1 3.57 0.72 0.11 0.23 1.92 36 SC8-3 3.43 1.31 0.40 0.152 0.794 38 FC1-1 8.58 0.67 / 0.377 6.84 49 FC2-3 12.81 1.67 / 0.338 9.86 72 平均值 5.58 1.48 0.14 0.29 3.3 46.2 注：由于采用的是硅酸盐溶蚀法, FeO不包括硫化铁和铁硫化物, 故Fe3+/Fe2+必须先通过硫对Fe进行校正.校正公式(庞雅庆, 2007)为：FeS2=15S/8, △Fe2O3=TFe2O3–1.113FeO–0.665 8FeS2, △FeO=FeO+3FeS2/5, △Fe3+/Fe2+=9△Fe2O3/10△FeO.
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表 3 准噶尔盆地西北缘西山窑组绿色蚀变砂岩碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素组成
Table 3. C-O isotope compositions of carbonate cement within greenish alteration sandstones of the Xishanyao Formation in northwestern Junggar Basin
样号 δ13CV-PDB(‰) δ18OV-PDB(‰) δ18OV-SMOW(‰) 温度(℃) SC6-4 -11.2 -9.5 21.1 58.51 SC7-1 -12.4 -7.7 23.0 61.05 SC8-3 -12.8 -9.1 21.5 59.13 FC1-1 -11.2 -11.7 18.8 54.51 FC2-3 -8.6 -11.4 19.1 55.12 注：δ18OV-SMOW=1.030 92 δ18OV-PDB+30.92, 据陈荣坤(1994).
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