Analogue Modeling of Feature and Formation Mechanism of Horsetail-Shaped Fold Belt in Southeast Sichuan Basin, South China
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摘要: 川东南地区是我国南方重要的天然气探区，气藏分布受与该区的褶皱带构造演化密切相关.该区褶皱带呈现马尾状平面构造样式，对于这种特殊褶皱样式的形成机制存在不同的观点.构造物理模拟是研究构造形成机制的有效手段.为此，笔者在对该区马尾状褶皱特征详细分析的基础上，设计了5组模型，分别考虑边界几何形态、地层流变学结构、韧性层粘度和基底摩擦系数等4个因素，对该褶皱带的形成机制开展系统研究.结果表明：（1）该区马尾状褶皱带的形成与川东华蓥山断裂和齐岳山边界断裂形态关系密切；（2）脆/韧性地层厚度比和脆性层的厚度差对褶皱波长和样式具有重要控制作用；（3）适当的基底摩擦力是形成马尾状褶皱带的重要条件；（4）四川盆地内部、川东地区和湘鄂西地区基底流变学强度差异对该区马尾状褶皱带也具有重要影响.Abstract: The Southeast Sichuan area is one of important natural gas exploration areas in the southern China, and the distribution of gas reservoirs is closely related with the tectonic evolution of the fold belt, which shows horsetail-shaped planar pattern, with formation mechanism still in dispute. Analogue modeling is an effective method for the study of the structural formation mechanism. Based on the detailed analysis of the structural characteristics of the horsetail-shaped fold belt in this area, we designed five sets of models, considering four factors including boundary geometry, stratigraphic rheological structure, ductile layer viscosity and base friction coefficient, to conduct a systematic study on its formation mechanism. The results show that:(1)The formation of the horsetail-shaped fold belt is closely related to the shapes of Huayingshan fault and Qiyueshan boundary fault in the East Sichuan; (2)The ratio of brittle/ductile strata and thickness difference of the brittle layers have important controls on the wavelength and pattern of the folds; (3)The appropriate base friction is an important condition for the formation of the horsetail-shaped folds; (4) The difference of the basal rheological strength between the Sichuan basin, the East Sichuan and the West Hunan-Hubei may also have an important effect on the formation of the horsetail-shaped fold belt.
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图 1 研究区构造格架及剖面结构
a.研究区褶皱－冲断带平面展布; b.不同构造带地质剖面(b-1.褶皱带北东段地质剖面，构造指向南东，断层不发育；b-2.褶皱带中段地质剖面，构造指向南东，伴生逆断层；b-3.褶皱带南段地质剖面，褶皱轴迹近直立，伴生断层)
Fig. 1. The regional geological sketch and cross-sections of the study area
图 2 马尾状褶皱－冲断带可能控制因素
据Reiter et al.(2011)；a.刚性块体横向偏移(Calassou et al., 1993；Macedo and Marshak, 1999；Reiter et al., 2011)；b.刚性块体作用下的地层厚度变化(Marshak and Wilkerson, 1992；Calassou et al., 1993；Macedo and Marshak, 1999；Marques and Cobbold, 2002，2006；Wilkerson et al., 2002)；c.刚性块体作用下的侧向流变学差异(Calassou et al., 1993；Macedo and Marshak, 1999；Cotton and Koyi, 2000；Schreurs et al., 2002)；d.刚性块体作用下的变形速率差异(Reiter et al., 2011)；e.刚性块体作用下的斜向挤压(Calassou et al., 1993；Lu and Malavieille, 1994；Zweigel et al., 1998；Macedo and Marshak, 1999)；f.边界几何特征、基底摩擦及地层流变学差异(本文模型)
Fig. 2. Possible parameters providing of horsetail-shaped feature of fold-and-thrust belts
图 3 四川盆地及川东寒武系膏盐岩滑脱层厚度
据金之钧等(2006)修编
Fig. 3. Thickness of Cambrian gypsum of the Sichuan basin and East Sichuan domain
图 4 四川盆地及川东三叠纪膏盐岩滑脱层厚度
原始数据来自汤良杰等(2007)；金之钧等(2006)
Fig. 4. Thickness of Trissic gypsum of the Sichuan basin and East Sichuan domain
图 5 四川盆地地层流变学及地温梯度
a.岩石圈流变剖面；b.地层深度与地温梯度关系；据刘绍文等(2008)修编
Fig. 5. Rheological profile and geothermal gradient of the Sichuan basin
图 6 模型范围及剖面装置示意
a.模型1位于构造带右侧边界如白线所示，硅胶和石英砂总厚1 cm；模型2、3、4、5构造带右侧边界如黑线所示，硅胶和石英砂总厚1 cm；b.5组模型的剖面结构，黑色为软弱层，黄色为石英砂，蓝色为硅油，浅红色为刚性亚克力板
Fig. 6. Scope and cross-section of the apparatus of the models
图 7 系列模型在缩短量为1 cm、3 cm、6 cm、9 cm、12 cm、15 cm的变形特征
左侧为变形照片，右侧为沿挤压方向的PIV应变场处理结果，参数D为缩短量
Fig. 7. Sequential deformation features of models (shortening=1 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm)
图 8 5组模型模拟结果对比
Fig. 8. Comparison of simulation results of 5 groups in the Southeast Sichuan domain
图 9 川东南马尾状褶皱带数字高程图及其相邻断褶带之间断坡空间的大小和分布
Fig. 9. SRTM and the ramp and space of horsetail-shaped belts of the Southeast Sichuan domain
图 10 模拟结果与实际对比
a.断裂边界参照刘少峰等(2010)和Li et al.(2012)修改；图b为模型1模拟结果
Fig. 10. Comparisons of deformation features in models and nature
表 1 模型参数
Table 1. Mechanics parameters of the models
模型 挤压速度(cm/h) 缩短量(cm) 脆性层厚(cm) 韧性层厚(cm) 构造带基底结构 挤压一端基底结构 模型1 0.5 15 0.6 0.4 无硅油 刚性基底 模型2 0.5 15 0.6 0.4 无硅油 刚性基底 模型3 0.5 15 0.6 0.4 硅油 软弱基底 模型4 0.5 15 0.6 0.4 无硅油 软弱基底 模型5 0.5 15 0.6 0.4 硅油 软弱基底 
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表 2 模型的相似系数
Table 2. Scaling parameters between models and nature
模型参数 模型 川东构造带 相似比 脆性层密度ρb(g·cm-3) 1.43 2.40 ρb*=0.60 内摩擦系数μ 0.65 0.60~0.85 μ* = 0.76~1.08 内聚力c(Pa) 80 4×107 c*=2×10-6 硅胶密度ρd(g·cm-3) 0.83 2.20 ρd*=0.38 硅胶粘度η(Pa·s) 8.3×103 1018 η*=8.3×10-15 长度l(m) 0.01 5 000 5×10-6 重力加速度(m·s-2) 9.81 9.81 g*=1.00 注：带*号参数为模型的相似系数.
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