The Application of the Handheld Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) in the Cyclostratigraphy Research-A Case Study from the Xiagou Formation of the Lower Cretaceous in the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin
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摘要: 在旋回地层学研究中，高分辨率地球化学数据作为一重要的替代指标，其一般获取方式（ICP-MS或WD-XRF）较耗费时间和经费，而手持X射线衍射仪（ED-XRF）能够高效的解决这一问题，目前将ED-XRF运用在沉积地层研究中，尤其是旋回地层学研究领域中较少.以酒泉盆地青西凹陷早白垩世下沟组深湖相泥岩、白云质泥岩为研究对象，将连续采集的岩心样品通过ED-XRF测试，该测试方法能够保证在不破坏样品的前提下，并在误差允许的范围内的条件下，短时间内（5 min）完成对单一样品的测试.通过测试精确得出24种主量及微量元素的含量，将得出的地球化学特征作为旋回地层学研究的替代指标，并针对K/Al，Ca/Al，Si/Al，Fe/Al，Ti/Al，Mn/Al，Ni/Al，Zn/Al和Pb/Al的比值进行频谱分析.数据表明W2井下沟组一段（SQK1g1）地层旋回性表现出与天文旋回明显的对应关系.沉积地层中的旋回厚度比值为20.25:4.75:1.75:1.00，与米兰科维奇旋回中长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差的周期比值：400 ka:95 ka:37 ka:20 ka相对应.该地区的沉积记录受天文轨道周期的影响得到了证明，与此同时，为手持X射线衍射仪在旋回地层学中的应用开辟了新领域.Abstract: The high resolution geochemical data are used as important proxies in cyclostratigraphy, which cost a lot of time and money to obtain the data in the usual way (ICP-MS or WD-XRF). And the handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) can obtain the high resolution geochemical data efficiently. Currently, the handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) was few used in the study of sedimentary strata, especially in cyclostratigraphy research field.Continuous core samples of deep lacustrine mudstone and dolomitic mudstone were selected from the Xiagou Formation of the Lower Cretaceous in the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin. Content of 24 major elements and trace elements which can be used as important proxies in cyclostratigraphy were accurately measured under the Handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) testing, a non-destructive, direct method with high precision in an efficiency way which can test one single sample in five minutes. Ratios of obtained geochemical data (K/Al, Ca/Al, Si/Al, Fe/Al, Ti/Al, Mn/Al, Ni/Al, Zn/Al and Pb/Al) were analyzed by spectral methods further. Such results presented cycle wavelengths in the stratigraphic units show a value of 20.25:4.75:1.75:1.00, corresponding with those of Milankovitch cycle periods (400 ka (long eccentricity):95 ka (short eccentricity):37 ka (obliquity):20 ka (precession), respectively) in Well W2. The correspondences between the sedimentary cycle ratios and the Milankovitch cycle periods indicates controlling effect of astronomical factors on sedimentation. ED-XRF provide the new possibilities in detection and quantification of geological processes, and have great significance in establishing geological time series.
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Key words:
- Jiuquan Basin /
- Lower Cretaceous /
- stratigraphy /
- ED-XRF /
- geochemistry
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图 1 研究区地质
a.主要白垩系盆地分布范围及酒泉盆地位置(旷红伟等，2013)；b.酒泉盆地构造区划，主要分为3个构造单元：酒西坳陷、嘉峪关隆起和酒东坳陷；c.青西凹陷及钻井位置示意图
Fig. 1. Geology of research area
图 2 青西凹陷下白垩统综合柱状图
包括：岩性描述、古生物(马其鸿等，1984；牛绍武，1987)、沉积环境、构造演化阶段(Chen et al., 2014)
Fig. 2. The stratigraphy column of Lower Cretaceous inthe Qingxi Sag
图 3 酒泉盆地青西凹陷W2井下沟组典型岩心柱
W2井采样位置为4 426~4 466 m，厚度40 m，均匀采样41个，样品间隔1 m
Fig. 3. Typical lithologic cores and sampling section inMember1 of the Xiagou Formation (SQK1g1) of well W2
图 4 色散X射线分析
a.W2井12号样品下沟组低能量色散X射线分析(15 kV，0.055 0 mA)；b.W4井15号样品下沟组高能量色散X射线分析(40 kV，0.006 5 mA)，Al-Ti滤波(Ti：25 μm；Al：300 μm)
Fig. 4. Dispersive X-ray spectrum
图 5 手持X射线衍射仪测量各种元素的标准值与测量值
基于Bruker AXS的校准软件(SPECTRAEDX S2 CONFIGURATION)，校准值见表 3
Fig. 5. Accepted (acc) versus measured (meas) values for elements analyzed by ED-XRF
图 6 W2井下沟组一段地化数据快速傅里叶变换
Fig. 6. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) spectrum for the geochemical data in Member 1 of the Xiagou Formation in Well W2, the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin
表 1 青西凹陷采样分布
Table 1. Sections of sample analyzed in the Qingxi Sag
井名 样品数 样品分类 W1 48 白云质泥岩；泥岩；灰质粉砂岩 W2 41 白云质泥岩；灰质粉砂岩 W3 29 白云质泥岩； W4 32 白云质泥岩；泥质白云岩；细砂岩 W5 21 白云质泥岩；泥质白云岩；灰质粉砂岩 总计 171 泥岩；白云质泥岩；泥质白云岩；灰质粉砂岩；细砂岩 
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表 2 标样主量及微量元素浓度的计算标准(加拿大Bureau Veritas矿物检测公司)
Table 2. Major and trace elemental concentrations for the calibration standards
W1-3 W3-14 W3-9 W2-13 W4-15 W4-13 W5-16 W5-19 W1-23 W2-19 K2O(%) 3.07 2.71 2.88 3.36 2.44 2.44 3.34 2.95 2.96 2.61 CaO(%) 3.49 6.84 9.01 10.84 1.89 15.06 4.81 6.57 8.27 11.96 Al2O3(%) 17.17 14.99 12.54 11.48 16.06 8.61 17.74 14.88 13.29 12.01 SiO2(%) 51.62 42.87 37.93 37.04 52.05 26.06 45.83 43.22 38.01 34.10 P2O5(%) 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.08 TiO2(%) 0.73 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.66 0.32 0.61 0.51 0.49 0.40 V(10-6) 148.00 113.00 105.00 93.00 96.00 73.00 126.00 87.00 114.00 106.00 Cr2O3(%) 0.020 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.008 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.014 MnO(%) 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.18 Fe2O3(%) 6.16 4.87 4.60 3.18 4.28 2.16 5.63 7.13 5.15 5.76 Co(10-6) 19.50 21.30 20.20 15.50 40.50 9.60 24.90 19.80 15.70 14.00 Ni(10-6) 66.00 54.00 78.00 47.00 133.00 20.00 68.00 64.00 42.00 47.00 Cu(10-6) 41.60 39.30 49.10 33.00 47.70 25.20 51.50 55.30 39.50 36.10 Zn(10-6) 59.00 43.00 66.00 60.00 91.00 30.00 62.00 70.00 92.00 48.00 Rb(10-6) 144.60 115.10 128.00 120.10 91.20 84.90 137.60 95.60 120.50 93.30 Sr(10-6) 127.30 335.00 535.80 603.00 206.70 988.10 256.10 524.20 630.10 590.20 Y(10-6) 26.20 15.80 19.60 17.90 20.80 14.70 13.40 22.90 12.70 20.40 Zr(10-6) 154.00 114.80 101.10 96.60 144.30 68.00 120.70 108.30 89.90 85.90 Nb(10-6) 13.40 9.20 9.80 8.70 12.20 6.00 11.20 9.80 8.20 7.40 Mo(10-6) 0.20 2.90 3.30 2.10 0.90 2.70 0.70 1.30 2.70 0.90 Pb(10-6) 18.40 11.60 36.60 6.10 43.50 7.50 19.40 49.60 24.00 20.90 W(10-6) 2.80 1.50 2.00 1.80 2.60 1.30 2.30 1.60 1.90 0.90 Ba(10-6) 573.00 504.00 732.00 705.00 234.00 386.00 474.00 289.00 319.00 280.00 Ce(10-6) 72.20 43.80 53.60 48.80 60.40 42.60 25.00 52.80 23.40 40.80 Sum(%) 82.60 73.12 67.85 66.73 77.68 54.95 78.26 75.57 68.45 67.25
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表 3 Corrections used for ED-XRF calibration ED-XRF标准值校正
Table 3. Corrections used for ED-XRF calibration
元素 峰能 偏移量和二次修正 α校正(强度修正) 标准值省略校正 标准偏差 Al Ka1 On；Off P，Mn，Rb W4-15；W1-23 0.076 1% Si Ka1 Off；On P，Rb，Pb W3-14； 0.256 0% P Ka1 Off；On Sr，Ba 0 0.005 0% K Ka1 On；Off Ca，Ti, 0 0.027 2% Ca Ka1 On；On Al，Si，K 0 0.117 0% Ti Ka1 On；On P，Mn W3-9 0.003 4% Mn Ka1 Off；Off Al，Ca，Rh W1-3 28×10-6 Fe Ka1 On；On P，Ca 0 0.035 4% Cr Ka1 Off；Off Si，P，Ca 0 3×10-6 V Ka1 On；On Al，P W1-3；W2-19 10-6 Co Ka1 On；Off Ti，Mo 0 10-6 Ni Ka1 Off；On V，Fe，W 0 10-6 Cu Ka1 Off；Off Si，Ca，Ba 0 10-6 Zn Ka1 On；Off P W2-13；W4-13 10-6 Rb Ka1 On；Off P，V，Nb 0 10-6 Sr Ka1 On；On Al，Si, 0 16×10-6 Y Ka1 On；On Al，Ba 0 0 Zr Ka1 On；Off Si，P，Mn W3-14；W5-20 10-6 Nb Ka1 On；Off P，Rb 0 0 Mo Ka1 Off；Off Al，P，Ca W5-12; 0 Ba Ka1 On；On Al，Cr，Pb W1-5；W2-17 36×10-6 Ce Ka1 Off；Off P，Ce, 0 10-6 W Ka1 On；On P，V，Fe W3-6；W1-12 0 Pb Ka1 On；Off P，Cr，Zn 0 0
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表 4 元素比值与天文周期的比例关系
Table 4. The proportion of element ratios and astronomical cycle
K/Al Ca/Al Si/Al Fe/Al Ti/Al Mn/Al Ni/Al Zn/Al Pb/Al 19.21 m 19.30 m 19.30 m 81.30 m 19.21 m 81.23 m 81.30 m 81.30 m 81.30 m 10.22 m 6.47 m 7.35 m 9.17 m 12.01 m 10.87 m 19.21 m 19.29 m 19.30 m 7.14 m 4.30 m 6.29 m 7.36 m 7.35 m 7.35 m 8.33 m 8.33 m 7.35 m 6.35 m 4.43 m 4.72 m 5.70 m 5.13 m 4.21 m 7.35 m 4.28 m 3.67 m 3.87 m 4.05 m
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