准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷晚二叠世至中三叠世古气候、物源及构造背景

黄云飞; 张昌民; 朱锐; 易雪斐; 瞿建华; 唐勇

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2017.559

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷晚二叠世至中三叠世古气候、物源及构造背景

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.559

1.
长江大学地球科学学院，湖北武汉430100
2.
非常规油气湖北省协同创新中心，湖北武汉430100
3.
中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院，新疆克拉玛依834000

基金项目:

长江青年基金项目 2015cqn27

国家自然科学基金项目 41502012

详细信息

作者简介:
黄云飞(1986-)，男，讲师，博士，主要从事二叠纪-三叠纪之交生物灭绝与复苏方面的研究

中图分类号: P595
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-12-25
- 刊出日期: 2017-10-18

Palaeoclimatology, Provenance and Tectonic Setting during Late Permian to Middle Triassic in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, China

1.
School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan430100, China
2.
Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Wuhan430100, China
3.
Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay834000, China

摘要

摘要: 二叠纪-三叠纪之交重大地质转折期，海相地质记录指示全球发生了一系列显著的生物和环境事件, 但是，该时期陆相古气候、古风化作用等方面的研究还很薄弱，争议较大.为了恢复新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷上二叠统乌尔禾组至中三叠统克拉玛依组的古气候、物源特征等, 本研究对玛湖凹陷钻井岩心中的泥岩样品开展了全岩主量和微量元素测试，采用多种化学风化指数判定源区风化程度及古气候条件，通过多种地球化学比值及图解来恢复源岩岩性及其构造背景.化学蚀变指数(Chemical Index of Alteration, CIA)、化学风化指数(Chemical Index of Weathering, CIW)、Parker风化指数(Weathering Index of Parker, WIP)和斜长石蚀变指数(Plagioclase Index of Alteration, PIA)等多种化学风化作用指标均指示，玛湖凹陷自晚二叠世至早三叠世发生显著的风化作用变化，由低等程度的化学风化作用转变为中等程度的化学风化作用，某些季节可能会较为温暖湿润，且在整个早三叠世保持大致稳定，在早三叠世晚期稍减弱，这与锶同位素反映的全球风化作用变化趋势一致.中三叠世时的化学风化作用与早三叠世相比，并未降低，反而稍有增加，这可能代表了地区性事件.早三叠世化学风化作用显著增强的原因可能在于全球变暖、植被破坏及季节性降雨增加等.此外，上二叠统乌尔禾组至中三叠统克拉玛依组的物源岩性主要为长英质火成岩，源岩形成时的构造背景可能为大洋岛弧环境.
- 准噶尔盆地 /
- 早三叠世 /
- 百口泉组 /
- 化学风化作用 /
- 古气候 /
- 古生物
Abstract: A series of distinct biological and environmental events have occurred during the Permian-Triassic transitional period, which are mainly indicated by marine geological record. However, little study has been done on palaeoclimate and palaeoweathering on land in Early Triassic. In order to reconstruct the palaeoclimatological information, provenance and tectonic setting from Late Permian to Middle Triassic in Mahu sag, Junggar basin, bulk-rock major and trace elemental analyses were carried out on the core mudstone samples. Palaeoweathering condition and palaeoclimatology were reconstructed through various chemical weathering indices, while the provenance and tectonic setting were inferred from various discrimination diagrams. The chemical weathering switched from lower level to middle level from Late Permian to Early Triassic, and remained steady during the Early Triassic with minor weakened trend in the late Early Triassic, indicated by the CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering), WIP (Weathering Index of Parker) and PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration), which agrees with the global weathering evolutionary trend shown by Sr isotopes. The palaeoclimatology from Early to Middle Triassic was warm and wet seasonally, in comparison with the cool and dry environments during the Late Permian. However, the chemical weathering of Middle Triassic in Mahu sag did not weaken simultaneously with the global trend, but increased slightly, which might be a local event. In addition, the provenance of the Upper Permian Wuerhe Formation, Early Triassic Baikouquan Formation and Middle Triassic Kelamayi Formation should be felsic igneous rocks, and the tectonic setting during the formation of source rocks probably was the oceanic island arc setting.
- Junggar basin /
- Early Triassic /
- Baikouquan Formation /
- chemical weathering /
- palaeoclimate /
- paleontology

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图 1 新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷地理位置(a)、早三叠世准噶尔盆地古地理图(b)、下三叠统百口泉组一段沉积相划分及取样井位分布(c)与玛18井地层柱状图(d)

Fig. 1. Locality of Mahu sag, Junggar basin, Xinjiang (a), Early Triassic palaeogeography of Jungar basin (b), palaeogeography of the first member of Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation (c), and Lithostratigraphy of MA 18 well (d)

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图 2 准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷泥岩样品经钾校正前后A-CN-K图解

A.Al₂O₃；CN.CaO+Na₂O；K.K₂O；Pl.斜长石；Ksp.钾长石；Sm.蒙脱石；Ⅱ.伊利石；Ka.高岭石；Gi.三水铝矿；Chl.绿泥石；虚线代表预测的风化趋势线

Fig. 2. The A-CN-K ternary diagram for the Upper Permian to the Middle Triassic samples from Mahu sag, Junggar basin

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图 3 玛湖凹陷上二叠统至中三叠统样品化学风化指标

a.平均值的变化；b.最大值、最小值和中间值的变化

Fig. 3. Various chemical weathering indices of samples from the Upper Permian to the Middle Triassic in Mahu sag

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图 4 物源判断图解

Fig. 4. The discrimination diagram of provenance

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图 5 源岩构造背景判断图解

A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘

Fig. 5. The discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting

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图 6 玛湖凹陷晚二叠世至中三叠世化学风化作用与全球表层海水温度、锶同位素曲线对比

SST.表层海水温度；牙形石δ¹⁸O，F_R/F_M，⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr曲线引自Song et al.(2015)

Fig. 6. Comparison of the chemical weathering of Mahu sag with global sea surface temperatures and Strontium isotope curves from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic

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表 1 玛湖凹陷上二叠统至中三叠统泥岩样品全岩主量元素含量(%)及常用化学风化指标数值

Table 1. Major element contents (%) of mudstone and their chemical weathering indices values from the Upper Permian to the Middle Triassic in Mahu sag, Junggar basin

序号	井位	层位	岩性	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	TiO₂	Fe₂O₃	FeO	CaO	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O	MnO	P₂O₅	灼失量	总量	CIA	CIW	WIP	PIA
1	玛18	T₂k	灰白色泥岩	51.89	20.45	0.96	1.82	8.85	0.49	1.36	2.18	0.50	0.31	0.12	10.94	99.88	85	93	26	93
2	玛18	T₁b³	紫红色泥岩	63.86	17.13	0.82	4.88	1.85	0.54	1.47	3.22	2.10	0.10	0.09	3.81	99.87	70	80	49	76
3	玛18	T₁b²	灰绿色泥岩	61.13	18.32	0.91	5.15	2.55	0.46	1.52	4.10	1.39	0.10	0.03	4.21	99.86	73	86	48	82
4	玛18	T₁b¹	灰绿色泥岩	61.47	19.85	1.00	2.38	2.31	0.63	1.71	4.43	1.23	0.09	0.03	4.68	99.83	73	86	50	83
5	玛18	T₁b¹	灰白色泥岩	64.53	18.64	0.91	1.87	1.78	1.04	1.25	3.70	1.63	0.09	0.14	4.29	99.87	71	81	48	78
6	风南401	T₁b³	紫红色泥岩	55.12	19.99	0.98	9.15	1.78	0.81	2.27	1.33	1.99	0.18	0.03	6.22	99.86	77	81	37	80
7	风南401	T₁b³	紫红色泥岩	60.03	18.87	0.99	6.80	1.02	0.90	1.53	2.48	1.92	0.09	0.17	5.05	99.85	73	81	43	79
8	风南401	T₁b²	紫红色泥岩	57.07	19.43	1.02	8.48	1.44	0.67	1.57	2.51	1.49	0.08	0.10	5.99	99.84	77	85	39	83
9	风南10	T₂k	灰色泥岩	59.05	20.12	0.87	3.91	3.39	0.41	1.41	3.19	1.05	0.06	0.05	6.32	99.84	79	89	38	88
10	风南10	T₂k	紫红色泥岩	57.59	22.10	0.93	4.46	1.93	0.46	1.26	3.08	1.29	0.06	0.07	6.60	99.84	79	89	40	87
11	风南10	T₁b³	紫红色泥岩	62.22	17.37	1.03	7.13	1.20	0.53	1.01	2.65	2.12	0.07	0.10	4.41	99.85	72	80	44	77
12	风南10	T₁b³	紫红色泥岩	56.20	19.67	1.07	9.72	1.19	0.61	1.19	2.55	1.83	0.08	0.08	5.65	99.83	75	83	41	81
13	玛001	P₃w	灰黑色泥岩	64.08	15.29	0.71	1.84	3.74	1.22	2.69	2.50	2.04	0.11	0.14	5.41	99.76	66	74	48	71
14	玛001	P₃w	灰黑色泥岩	58.04	14.76	0.75	2.66	3.57	4.36	2.98	2.80	1.29	0.12	0.17	8.35	99.85	54	60	53	55
15	玛6	T₂k	灰色泥岩	63.93	15.89	0.76	3.76	2.22	1.14	2.10	3.25	1.95	0.11	0.05	4.67	99.83	66	75	51	71
16	玛604	T₁b²	紫红色泥岩	60.39	21.10	0.96	3.57	1.66	0.46	1.07	4.13	0.91	0.05	0.02	5.49	99.81	78	90	42	88
17	玛604	T₁b²	紫红色泥岩	58.60	20.72	0.98	5.28	1.50	0.55	1.50	5.26	0.47	0.09	0.02	4.82	99.81	76	92	46	90
18	玛604	T₁b¹	紫红色泥岩	60.83	18.64	0.89	6.12	1.95	0.71	1.06	4.21	0.80	0.08	0.06	4.46	99.82	75	88	42	85
19	玛604	T₁b¹	紫红色泥岩	63.98	16.94	0.84	5.92	0.86	0.82	1.67	3.64	0.75	0.07	0.09	4.21	99.80	74	87	40	84
20	玛6	P₃w	灰黑色泥岩	63.20	17.16	0.78	2.66	1.75	1.47	2.11	3.49	1.91	0.12	0.14	5.00	99.80	66	76	53	71
21	玛6	P₃w	灰黑色泥岩	63.76	15.81	0.71	3.34	2.68	1.30	2.24	3.07	1.90	0.14	0.12	4.74	99.81	66	75	50	70
22	玛152	T₂k	灰色泥岩	63.89	18.25	0.96	2.90	2.75	0.38	1.09	2.75	1.44	0.05	0.07	5.31	99.85	77	86	38	84
23	玛152	T₂k	灰色泥岩	57.79	20.00	0.89	2.17	3.22	0.38	1.11	2.91	1.14	0.07	0.04	10.14	99.84	79	89	36	87
24	玛134	T₁b²	紫红色泥岩	57.25	19.52	0.99	8.05	1.22	0.95	1.22	3.61	1.73	0.09	0.25	4.99	99.85	72	83	48	80
25	玛134	T₁b²	紫红色泥岩	60.36	19.06	0.97	7.63	0.82	0.64	0.93	3.10	1.63	0.06	0.03	4.63	99.86	74	83	43	81
26	玛004	T₁b¹	紫红色泥岩	63.50	15.41	0.75	6.97	1.02	1.03	2.02	3.97	0.64	0.08	0.14	4.33	99.85	73	88	41	84
27	玛004	P₃w	灰黑色泥岩	52.75	13.23	0.64	2.63	2.79	9.26	2.48	2.32	1.18	0.12	0.24	12.28	99.92	68	77	38	73

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表 2 常用化学风化指标及其计算公式

Table 2. Various chemical weathering indices and their computational formulas

风化指标及简称		计算公式	资料来源
Parker风化指数	WIP	WIP=100×[(2Na₂O/0.35)+(MgO/0.9)+(2K₂O/0.25)+(CaO^*/0.7)]	Parker, 1970
化学蚀变指数	CIA	CIA=100×[Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+CaO^*+Na₂O+K₂O)]	Nesbitt and Young, 1982
化学风化指数	CIW	CIW=100×[Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+CaO^*+Na₂O)]	Harnois, 1988
斜长石蚀变指数	PIA	PIA=100×[(Al₂O₃-K₂O)/(Al₂O₃+CaO^*+Na₂O-K₂O)]	Fedo et al., 1995
注：各元素含量均指摩尔分数，CaO^指硅酸盐中的CaO，即全岩中的CaO扣除化学沉积的CaO的摩尔分数，采用公式(CaO^=CaO-10/3×P₂O₅)计算，比较校正后的CaO与Na₂O的摩尔分数大小，摩尔分数值小的作为CaO^*的摩尔分数(McLennan, 1993).

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