Tectonic Geomorphology Constrains on Quaternary Activity and Segmentation along Chenghai-Binchuan Fault Zone in Northwest Yunnan, China
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摘要: 青藏高原东南部边缘的程海-宾川断裂带是一条正断与左旋走滑运动兼具的复合型活动断裂，起着调节青藏高原内部物质向东挤出的重要作用，并控制着区域的主要强震活动.基于GIS（Geographic Information System）技术，利用遥感影像和DEM（Digital Elevation Model）数据提取该区的关键构造地貌信息，对其第四纪分段活动性及特征进行了分析探讨.结果表明，程海-宾川断裂带的第四纪活动具有明显的分段性及空间差异性.其北段的金官-程海盆地主边界断层以正断层活动性质为主，并具有整个断裂带上最高的垂直活动速率；中段的期纳断裂以左旋走滑运动为主，且具有最高的走滑活动速率；南段宾川盆地东缘边界断裂也以正断层活动为主，但垂直活动速率略低于北段.总体上看，程海-宾川断裂带第四纪期间的垂直活动性由北往南降低，水平走滑活动性由中段往南北两端降低.在活动强度方面，程海-宾川断裂带百万年尺度的长期活动速率一直保持着较为稳定的状态，垂直活动速率主要集中在0.09~0.69 mm/a，水平走滑速率在0.20~1.40 mm/a.整体而言，程海-宾川断裂带中多数断裂的第四纪活动性以"中等"和"弱"为主.但历史地震活动表明，其不同段落上的未来强震活动趋势值得关注，尤其是历史强震活动相对空缺的中南段.Abstract: Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, which has a composite activity manner of vertical and horizontal left-sliding movement. It plays an important role in regulating the internal matter in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, and controlling the major strong earthquake activity in the region. Extracting the region tectonic landforms information from the RS (remote sensing) images and DEM (digital elevation model) to quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology of the fault zone. The results show that the fault belt have the characteristics of segmented partitions. The northern boundary faults of the Jinguan-Chenghai basin are dominated by normal faults, and they have the highest vertical movement rate in the zone. Qina faults are dominated by strike-slip movement, which have the highest strike-slip activity rate. The eastern boundary faults in Binchuan basin are also dominated by normal faults. The vertical activity rate is lower than that of the northern section. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Quaternary vertical activity of Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone is lower from north to south, and strike-slip activity in central is strongest, diminishing to south. The long-term activity rate of Binchuan fault zone has maintained a relatively stable state, the vertical activity rates between 0.09-0.69 mm/a. Horizontal strike-slip rate between 0.20-1.40 mm/a. The Quaternary activity of faults mainly is "medium" and "weak", but the future earthquake risk should not be ignored, especially in the south middle of it.
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Key words:
- Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone /
- active fault /
- tectonic geomorphology /
- Quaternary /
- seismic hazard /
- geophysics
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图 1 程海-宾川断裂带几何展布
a.区域构造位置；b.程海-宾川断裂带及其遥感影像；F1.金官-程海断裂带(F1-1.金官-程海盆地东缘断裂；F1-2.金官-程海盆地西缘断裂；F1-3.永胜东缘断裂；F1-4.木耳坪-羊坪东缘断裂)；F2.期纳断裂带(F2-1.纳盆地西北缘断裂；F2-2.纳盆地东南缘断裂；F2-3.宾川西缘断裂)；F3.落漏河断裂；F4.宾川断裂(F4-1.力角-片角段；F4-2.宾川东段；F4-3.宾居-州城段)；F5.河曲-上营断裂；F6.河曲-宾居断裂；F7.宾居断裂
Fig. 1. Geometric distribution of the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone
图 2 程海-宾川断裂带上典型的宏观构造地貌特征
a.宾川东缘三角面形态特征(遥感图据Google Earth影像)；b.金官-羊坪三维地貌；c.金官-永胜三维地貌
Fig. 2. The feature of tectonic geomorphology in the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone
图 4 沿程海-宾川断裂带的沟谷基岩陡峭指数(a)和沟谷流域高度(b)
a.程海-宾川断裂带各段落的平均基岩陡峭指数柱状图；b.各断裂段横向沟谷平均高度
Fig. 4. The Ks (a) and height (b) of transverse gull along the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone
图 5 程海-宾川断裂带沿线水系错动
Fig. 5. Drainage dislocation along the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone
图 6 盆山高差及第四纪沉积厚度柱状图
研究区内的各盆地沉积最大厚度数据除东富、木耳坪和羊坪盆地之外均来自国家地震局地质研究所和云南省地震局(1990)
Fig. 6. Histogram of mountain and basin height differences and Quaternary sedimentary thicknesses
图 7 金官-程海盆地区各条断裂垂直活动幅度示意
1.金官盆地第四纪最大沉积厚度约为300 m；2.永胜盆地第四纪最大沉积厚度约为200 m；3.金官、永胜之间盆地基底与山地面高差(包含1)；4.永胜、羊坪级之间的盆地基底与山地面高差(包含2)；5.羊坪盆地和东侧山地之间的地势高差；6.金官盆地基底至羊坪东部抬升山地间的台地的累积高差(包含1)；7.金官盆地西侧盆地基底与山地面高差(包含1)
Fig. 7. A profile showing the vertical offset across the F1-1, F1-2, F1-3 and F1-4 of Jinguan-Chenghi faults
图 9 程海-宾川断裂带的地震(公元1886—2014年)分布与Ms≥5.0地震烈度
据国家地震局地质研究所和云南省地震局(1990), 毛玉平等(2003)修改
Fig. 9. Ms≥5.0 seismic intensity in the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone (A. D. 1886—2014)
表 1 程海-宾川断裂带主干断裂的分段特征与主要历史地震活动情况
Table 1. The segment characteristics of the main fault and primary historical earthquakes in the Chenghai-Binchuan fault zone
主断层编号与名称 断层分段编号 名称 走向 长度(km) 性质 主要历史地震 F1金官—程海断裂带 F1-1(1) 金官盆地东缘正断层 SE 9 正断 F1-1(2) NW-NS 18 正断 1515年永胜北7¾级地震 F1-1(3) 程海东缘正断层 S 22 正断 2003-11-04程海4.6级地震 F1-2(1) 金官盆地西缘正断层 SE 15 正断 F1-2(2) 程海西缘正断层 S 27 正断 2003-11-04程海3.5级地震 F1-3(1) 永胜盆地东缘断裂北段 NW-SE 19 正断 2005-07-27东富4.2级地震 F1-3(2) 永胜盆地东缘断裂南段 S 26 正断 2013-02-21 4.3级地震 F1-4(1) 木耳坪盆地东缘断裂北段 NW-SE 15 正断 F1-4(2) 木耳坪盆地东缘断裂南段 S 18 正断 F2期纳断裂带 F2-1 北段 SW 17 左旋走滑兼正断 1992-12-22期纳5.1级地震 1992-12-18期纳5.4级地震 F2-2 中段 SW 23 左旋走滑兼正断 1959-04-26期纳5¾级地震 2001-09-06期纳4.0级地震 2001-10-27期纳5.6级地震 2014-04-04期纳4.4级地震 F2-3 南段(上沧—鱼棚断裂) SW 48 左旋走滑兼正断 2014-08-24期纳4.3级地震 F3 未分 落漏河断裂(又称周城一清水断裂) SW 100 左旋走滑 F4宾川断裂 F4-1 北段 SSE 30 正断 1959-03-30宾川5¼级地震 2014-04-29宾川4.5级地震 1964-05-03宾川4.7级地震 1974-02-09宾川4.1级地震 F4-2 中段 S 18 正断 2014-01-21宾川4.5级地震 2014-07-31宾川4.4级地震 2014-08-21宾川4.3级地震 F4-3 南段 SW 30 正断兼左旋走滑 1623-05-04大理6¼级地震 F5 未分 河曲一上营断裂 NNE 45 左旋兼正断 1972-09-07宾川4.2级地震 1973-10-20宾川4.2级地震 F6 未分 河曲一宾居断裂 SN 44 左旋兼正断 1998-03-08宾川4.0级地震 2014-07-26宾川4.4级地震 F7宾居断裂 未分 宾居断裂 NWW-E 33 右旋走滑兼正断 1803-02-02宾川6¼级地震 
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表 2 地形地貌水平偏转参数统计
Table 2. The displacement of topography
编号 水平错动量(km) 偏转角度(°) 断裂编号 描述 1 1.04 45 F2-1 冲沟错动 2 ≤7.00 F2-1
F2-2期纳盆地长轴 3 1.81 50 F2-2 冲沟错动 4 3.00 90 F2-2 金沙江错动 5 ≤3.30 F3 期纳西侧水系错动 6 1.82 80 F2-3 冲沟错动 7 1.23 90 F2-3 水系错动 8 1.13 22 F2-3 冲沟错动 9 1.06 80 F2-3 冲沟错动 10 1.00 F5 岩体错动 11 ≤2.20 F6 岩体错动 12 ≤2.59 F7 岩体错动
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表 4 构造地貌参数和断裂活动速率
Table 4. Tectonic landform parameters and fault's active rates
编号 横向沟谷高度(m) 构造抬升幅度(m) 水平位错量(m) 2.5 Ma活动速率
(mm/a)5.0 Ma活动速率
(mm/a)5.0 Ma走滑活动速率
(mm/a)Ks
均值活动性分级 数值 分类 数值 分类 数值 分类 数值 分类 F1-1(1) 750 2 100 0.30 Ⅱ 0.44 Ⅱ 223 Ⅱ 中等 F1-1(2) 850 2 200 0.34 Ⅱ 0.48 Ⅰ 193 Ⅲ 强烈 F1-1(3) 723 2 800 0.29 Ⅲ 0.56 Ⅰ 417 Ⅰ 强烈 F1-2(1) 812 1 200 0.32 Ⅱ 0.24 Ⅲ 223 Ⅱ 中等 F1-2(2) 969 1 200 0.39 Ⅱ 0.24 Ⅲ 473 Ⅰ 中等 F1-3(1) 742 1 110 0.30 Ⅱ 0.22 Ⅲ 391 Ⅱ 中等 F1-3(2) 533 1 000 0.21 Ⅲ 0.20 Ⅲ 190 Ⅲ 弱等 F1-4(1) 397 717 0.16 Ⅲ 0.14 Ⅲ 117 Ⅲ 弱等 F1-4(2) 305 750 0.12 Ⅲ 0.15 Ⅲ 78 Ⅲ 弱等 F1 3 436 0.75 Ⅰ 0.69 Ⅰ 强烈 F2-1 350 2 041 1 043~7 000 0.14 Ⅲ 0.41 Ⅱ 0.21~1.4 Ⅰ 304 Ⅱ 强烈 F2-2 400 2 241 3 000 0.16 Ⅲ 0.45 Ⅱ 0.60 Ⅰ 607 Ⅰ 强烈 F2-3 1 470 ≤1 820 0.29 Ⅲ ≤0.36 Ⅲ 弱等 *F3 ≤3 300 ≤0.66 弱等 F4-1 1 187 2 538 0.47 Ⅰ 0.51 Ⅰ 755 Ⅰ 强烈 F4-2 1 242 2 888 0.50 Ⅰ 0.58 Ⅰ 939 Ⅰ 强烈 F4-3 743 1 780 0.30 Ⅱ 0.36 Ⅱ 370 Ⅱ 中等 F5 450 1 000 0.09 Ⅲ 0.20 Ⅲ 弱等 F6 ≤2 200 ≤0.44 Ⅲ 弱等 F7 ≤2 590 0.17 Ⅲ ≤0.52 Ⅱ 112 Ⅲ 弱等 注：*F3落漏河断裂虽然早期造成金沙江约3.3 km的位错量，但其第四纪活动性已不显著，因此其第四纪活动性判断为弱等.
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表 3 各断裂垂直活动速率及Ks指数相关系数
Table 3. The correlation coefficients of faults' activity rates
2.5 Ma垂直活动速率 5.0 Ma垂直活动速率 Ks指数 2.5 Ma垂直活动速率 1 5.0 Ma垂直活动速率 0.67 1 Ks指数 0.70 0.65 1
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