Fluid Inclusions and H-O-S-Pb Isotope Systematics of the Galonggema Cu Deposit in Yushu, Qinghai Province, China
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摘要: 为确定中国三江成矿带北段尕龙格玛VMS(volcanogenic massive sulfide)型矿床的成矿物理化学条件、成矿物质来源、成矿流体来源，探讨成矿机制，对矿体特征、流体包裹体显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析以及S、Pb、H、O同位素进行了系统研究.矿体赋存于晚三叠世巴塘群英安质火山岩中，具有VMS型矿床的双层结构，由下部热液流体补给通道相的脉状-网脉状矿化系统和上部海底盆地卤水池喷气-化学沉积系统组成.通道相中流体包裹体可分为富气相包裹体和水溶液包裹体，均一温度为175.6~263.3 ℃，盐度为1.05%~6.29% NaCl eqv.，密度为0.820~0.935 g/cm3，激光拉曼光谱分析包裹体气相成分为H2O、CO2和少量N2；沉积相重晶石中仅发育水溶液包裹体，均一温度为105.2~157.1 ℃，盐度为0.18%~5.55% NaCl eqv.，密度为0.735~1.173 g/cm3，显示了流体由通道相向沉积相温度显著降低，盐度保持不变，密度变大的趋势，与典型VMS型矿床流体特征相似.氢氧同位素(δ18OH2O：0.25‰~1.75‰，δD：-103.2‰~-65.3‰)研究表明，成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水和海水的混合.综合分析前人硫同位素研究结果(δ34S：1.13‰~2.45‰，12.36‰~12.37‰)及本次获得硫同位素结果(δ34S：-22.9‰~-14.7‰)表明硫来源于岩浆和细菌还原的海水硫酸盐或基底岩石.硫化物方铅矿的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为18.449~18.519、15.699~15.777和38.875~39.141，具有高放射性铅的特征，μ值为9.65~9.80，结果显示Pb等成矿物质主要来自于上地壳，并有岩浆物质参与成矿.成矿流体与海水的混合作用是尕龙格玛矿床形成的主要机制.Abstract: In order to determine the metallogenic physicochemical condition, ore-forming materials, ore-forming fluid and metallogenic mechanism of Galonggema VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide) deposit in the northern Sanjiang metallogenic belt, China, orebody features, fluid inclusion microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and S, Pb, H, O isotopes are studied in this paper. It is found that deposit is hosted in the Late Triassic Batang Group dacite-volcanic tuff and consists of two parts, namely, lower ore belt of vein-stockwork mineralization system belonging to hydrothermal fluid supply channel, and upper ore belt of exhalative-chemical deposit system of submarine basin brine pond. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in vein-stockwork mineralization are both aqueous and gas-rich, homogenization temperature from 175.6 to 263.3 ℃, and salinities of 1.05%-6.29% NaCl equivalent (eqv.) and densities of 0.820-0.935 g/cm3. Laser Raman spectroscopic analyses of the gas phase components of FIs show they are dominated by H2O, CO2 and minor amounts of N2. Fluid inclusions in barite in exhalative-chemical deposit system are only aqueous FIs, homogenization temperature from 105.2 to 157.1 ℃, and salinities of 0.18%-5.55% NaCl eqv. and densities of 0.735-1.173 g/cm3 suggesting from lower ore belt to upper ore belt metallogenic temperature drops, salinities does not change, and the density of fluid increases. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic study (δ18OH2O: 0.25‰-1.75‰, δD: -103.2‰ to -65.3‰) shows that metallogenic fluid is a mixture of seawater and magmatic water. The predecessors research results of sulfur isotope previous research indicates that the sulfur were provided by magma and bacteria reduction seawater sulfate or basement rock. Lead isotopic compositions of galena show 206Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 18.449 to 18.519, 207Pb/204Pb ratios from 15.677 to 15.777, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios from 38.875 to 39.145, respectively. Lead isotopes has high radioactive lead isotope compositions with μ values of 9.65~9.80. It suggests that the lead mainly was sourced from crustal components and little from magma. The mixing of ore-forming fluid and seawater is the main metallogenic mechanism of Galonggema deposit.
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Key words:
- Sanjiang metallogenic belt /
- Galonggema /
- ore-forming fluid /
- deposit /
- S isotope /
- Pb isotope /
- H, O isotopes /
- petrology
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图 1 中国三江成矿带北段大地构造位置略图
据Yin and Harrison(2000)；Spurlin et al.(2005)修改
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the northern Sanjiang metallogenic belt in China showing major structures
图 4 尕龙格玛东矿区56线勘探线剖面
Fig. 4. Cross section along exploration line 56 in the east ore district of Galonggema deposit
图 5 尕龙格玛铜多金属矿床主要矿石矿物特征及显微照片
a, b.重晶石中条带状硫化物矿石；c, d.2号矿体中沉积相中块状硫化物矿石；e, f.通道相石英硫化物脉穿切如沉积相块状矿石中；g.重晶石层中条带状矿石中黄铜矿和方铅矿，正交偏光；h.沉积相中块状硫化物矿石草莓状黄铁矿，正交偏光；i.沉积相中，黄铜矿沿黄铁矿裂隙分布，正交偏光；j.沉积相块状矿石中，黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿交代草莓状黄铁矿，正交偏光；k.沉积相块状矿石中方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿共生，固溶体分离结构，正交偏光；l.沉积相浸染状矿石中方铅矿交代闪锌矿；m.通道相矿石中的黄铜矿脉；n.沉积相中黝铜矿包裹闪锌矿，正交偏光；o.通道相中黝铜矿与黄铜矿共同产出，正交偏光；Py.黄铁矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Gn.方铅矿；Sp.闪锌矿；Thr.黝铜矿；Brt.重晶石；Qtz.石英
Fig. 5. Representative photograph of ores from the Galonggema deposit
图 6 尕龙格玛东矿区重晶石和石英中流体包裹体显微照片
a, b, c.重晶石中气液两相包裹体；d, e, f.石英中气液两相包裹体；g, h, i.石英中富气相包裹体
Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of representative FIs from the Galonggema deposit
图 7 尕龙格玛矿床流体包裹体均一温度盐度直方图
a.通道相石英中流体包裹体均一温度直方图；b.通道相石英中流体包裹体盐度直方图；c.沉积相重晶石中流体包裹体均一温度直方图；d.沉积相重晶石中流体包裹体盐度直方图；盐度为质量百分含量
Fig. 7. Histograms of salinities and homogenization temperatures of FIs in Galonggema VMS deposit
图 8 尕龙格玛通道相石英中流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析结果
a, b, c.通道相石英中富气相包裹体；d.通道相石英中气液两相包裹体
Fig. 8. Laser Raman spectra of FIs the Galonggema deposit
图 9 尕龙格玛铜多金属及邻区热液矿床δD-δ18OH2O图解
底图据Taylor(1974)；西藏地区雨水、地表水和湖水数据郑淑蕙等(1982)；大屏掌数据钟宏等(2000)；鲁春数据杨喜安(2012)；呷村数据党院等(2014)；SMOW.标准平均大洋水
Fig. 9. δD-δ18OH2O diagram of the Galonggema deposit
图 10 青海三江成矿带典型热液矿床硫化物中δ34S分布
大屏掌钟宏等(2000)；伊比利亚黄铁矿带引自Tornos et al.(2008)；阿尔泰成矿带引自Wan et al.(2010)；尕龙格玛部分数据引自郑宗学，2010.《治多多彩地区铜多金属矿普查阶段性总结》报告.青海；东莫扎抓田世洪等(2011a)；莫海拉亨田世洪等(2011b)；鲁村杨喜安等(2012)；呷村党院等(2014)；多日茸、查涌、撒纳龙哇引自于作者未发表数据
Fig. 10. Distribution range of sulfur isotope data in the Galonggema deposit
图 11 尕龙格玛矿床硫化物铅同位素组成
底图据Zartman and Doe(1981)；呷村数据朱维光等(2001)；鲁春数据杨喜安等(2012)；UC.上地壳；O.造山带；M.地幔；LC.下地壳
Fig. 11. Lead isotopic compositions of sulfides in the Galonggema deposit
表 1 矿床流体包裹体显微测温结果及参数
Table 1. Microther mometric data and relative parameters of fluid inclusions of the Galonggema deposit
矿石类型 包体类型 大小(μm) 气液比(%) 冰点温度Ti(℃) 均一温度Th(℃) S(%NaCl) ρ(g/cm3) 通道相 V型 6~12 60~90 -1.6~-0.6 241.7~263.3(9) 1.05~2.73 0.820~0.882 通道相 L-V型 4~20 5~30 -3.9~-1.2 175.6~259.8(67) 2.06~6.29 0.838~0.935 沉积相 L-V型 4~10 5~20 -3.4~-0.1 105.2~157.1(34) 0.18~5.55 0.735~1.173 注：括号内数字为流体包裹体个数. 
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表 2 尕龙格玛铜多金属矿床主成矿阶段石英中氢、氧同位素组成
Table 2. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of the Galonggema deposit
样品号 δDV-SMOW(‰) δ18OV-SMOW(‰) 计算温度(℃) δ18OH2O(‰) GLGM-CK-B1 -65.9 10.7 250 1.75 GLGM-CK-B2 -65.3 9.2 250 0.25 GLGM-KSD-W6 -103.2 9.4 250 0.45 GLGM-KSD-B10 -93.3 9.9 250 0.95
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表 3 尕龙格玛铜多金属矿床硫同位素结果
Table 3. Sulphur isotopic compositions of the Galonggema deposit
样品编号 测试矿物 δ34SV-CDT(‰) GLGM-CK-B2 黄铜矿 -16.6 GLGM-CK-B3 黄铜矿 -17.2 GLGM-CK-B4 黄铁矿 -14.7 GLGM-KSD-B1 黄铁矿 -15.4 GLGM-KSD-B1 方铅矿 -19.7 GLGM-KSD-B2 方铅矿 -22.9 GLGM-KSD-B5 黄铁矿 -16.4
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表 4 尕龙格玛铜多金属矿床铅同位素结果
Table 4. Lead isotopic compositions of the Galonggema deposit
样品号 样品名称 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb μ GLGM-CK-B2 方铅矿 18.519 15.777 39.141 9.80 GLGM-CK-B3 方铅矿 18.500 15.755 39.065 9.76 GLGM-KSD-B1 方铅矿 18.449 15.699 38.875 9.65 GLGM-KSD-B2 方铅矿 18.464 15.720 38.949 9.69 GLGM-KSD-B5 方铅矿 18.497 15.763 39.091 9.78 注：μ=238U/204Pb.
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