Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Sanqiao District of Guiyang City
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摘要: 贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水是贵阳市重要的生活及工农业用水水源，而贵州省岩溶系统发育异常复杂，对于岩溶水水化学及其演化特征尤其是水-岩相互作用方面的研究尚未见报道，为了保障该地区供水水质安全，以贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水为研究对象，通过系统的样品采集与氢氧同位素分析和水文地球化学模拟，针对岩溶地下水水化学组分的空间分布、演化特征及水-岩作用过程进行了系统的研究.研究表明：岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型、HCO3·SO4-Ca型、HCO3-Ca型和HCO3-Ca·Mg型；研究区岩溶水主要来源于大气降水补给；研究区水化学特征主要受方解石、白云石、岩盐和石膏的溶解作用以及阳离子交替吸附作用控制.Abstract: The karst groundwater in Sanqiao district of Guiyang City is the main water sources for local people, and the development of karst system in Guiyang is very complicated. However, the study of karst water chemistry and its evolutionary characteristics, especially water-rock interaction, has not been reported. In order to ensure the safety of water supply in the region, chemical components and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data of the groundwater in the Sanqiao district of Guiyang are combined to determine the spatial distribution and evolution of chemical components in groundwater and distinguish the water-rock interaction processes in this study. It is found that the hydrochemical type of groundwater can be classified into HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, HCO3·SO4-Ca, HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Ca·Mg. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of groundwater show that the recharge of groundwater in research area is precipitation. Besides, hydrogeochemical simulation shows that the hydrochemical characteristics are controlled by the solution of calcite, dolomite, halite and gypsum as well as cation exchange.
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图 3 路径1(左)和路径2(右)温度变化(a, b)、pH变化(c, d)、阳离子变化(e, f)、阴离子变化(g, h)和矿物饱和指数变化(i, j)
Fig. 3. The changes of temperature (a, b)、pH (c, d)、positive ion (e, f)、negative ion (g, h) and saturation indexes (i, j) on route 1(left) and route 2 (right)
图 4 研究区地下水氢氧同位素组成
Fig. 4. Plot of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of groundwater in the study area
表 1 枯水期和丰水期水样测试数据
Table 1. The data of groundwater samples in dry season and wet season
样品编号 T(℃) pH (mg·L-1) K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- NO3- HCO3- TDS 枯水期 GY01 16.1 7.16 3.25 118.40 13.65 32.49 27.16 170.84 36.94 355.7 586 GY03 16.2 6.69 3.95 123.10 20.54 33.31 39.17 203.94 33.23 342.9 636 GY04 16.6 6.83 2.07 113.90 17.42 33.11 32.12 199.87 40.70 314.6 599 GY06 16.4 6.78 8.55 139.00 18.40 27.95 31.96 229.56 20.55 342.9 652 GY07 16.5 6.67 6.16 151.30 14.92 12.00 33.28 160.21 32.59 282.0 557 GY08 6.5 6.97 1.35 136.00 6.09 3.81 11.62 61.42 14.15 299.6 389 GY10 12.4 6.95 1.38 84.58 21.37 17.09 26.09 110.45 0.00 219.5 385 GY11 13.3 7.07 1.69 91.77 6.89 25.34 13.63 50.56 32.93 298.0 376 GY12 15.7 6.75 4.85 118.90 13.14 11.10 20.62 103.23 25.13 251.5 427 GY13 19.2 7.11 0.91 79.93 2.85 24.64 8.36 37.14 10.97 291.6 314 GY15 16.4 7.46 1.14 101.40 9.70 32.79 15.75 120.72 42.44 325.2 489 GY16 17.6 6.74 1.48 125.90 8.87 33.53 21.41 176.54 25.46 362.1 579 GY17 16.7 7.20 4.15 63.62 3.55 19.61 6.27 61.43 0.00 214.7 274 GY18 17.2 6.78 3.36 133.60 17.38 31.23 35.07 262.70 30.60 272.4 653 GY19 16.5 6.74 2.91 115.90 13.69 27.66 22.94 154.21 15.82 307.6 510 GY02 16.2 6.8 1.72 105.50 11.92 32.22 30.32 125.57 35.43 341.3 516 GY05 16.7 6.84 6.69 116.90 22.50 25.93 31.77 145.41 22.15 334.9 547 GY09 12.3 7.21 9.48 101.00 6.48 19.38 17.71 89.37 0.00 349.3 474 GY14 15.1 6.90 1.96 85.03 16.48 26.01 11.85 71.64 8.52 288.4 359 GY20 15.7 6.94 5.77 112.00 13.59 10.72 22.66 122.90 0.00 229.1 407 GY21 17.6 6.75 9.88 139.30 24.84 22.90 43.80 179.87 33.98 318.8 621 丰水期 GY01 19.7 7.09 6.48 104.74 24.12 36.47 29.38 164.24 36.86 373.0 727 GY03 17.9 6.99 8.50 108.23 33.99 36.16 38.50 196.28 41.48 344.1 776 GY04 18.1 7.15 4.94 105.49 35.05 39.34 36.77 203.80 52.63 327.1 777 GY06 19.9 7.18 11.26 126.94 21.31 33.58 23.72 283.54 25.62 281.1 833 GY07 19.3 6.97 11.60 131.41 26.15 12.30 37.42 176.87 51.47 281.1 758 GY08 22.2 7.34 1.95 105.39 7.80 2.87 7.50 48.26 11.09 303.2 476 GY10 20.9 7.21 16.83 69.75 18.47 20.63 13.46 91.06 33.03 248.7 481 GY11 19.3 7.56 1.74 71.01 9.14 25.55 11.74 47.29 36.42 304.9 451 GY12 19.4 7.25 8.87 105.52 15.32 9.71 15.13 114.05 25.36 269.1 568 GY13 21.7 7.37 0.89 63.74 3.95 25.47 7.38 40.38 25.42 304.9 407 GY17 19.4 7.68 7.20 52.75 5.70 19.90 5.09 97.05 16.22 218.0 389 GY19 19.9 7.10 4.11 97.60 15.29 30.11 16.77 176.17 20.16 291.3 636 GY22 18.7 7.51 1.46 68.67 3.47 19.64 3.70 56.71 12.60 252.1 385 GY23 20.3 7.22 5.13 126.79 27.76 7.34 37.31 137.77 76.14 218.0 692 GY14 19.7 7.30 4.47 69.56 7.40 26.62 10.94 60.85 10.97 299.8 435 GY20 20.3 7.09 10.27 101.85 20.70 10.50 20.33 116.36 29.27 235.1 561 GY21 20.6 7.07 19.48 115.93 40.27 22.78 43.51 164.91 49.69 328.8 771 
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表 2 路径1反向模拟结果
Table 2. The reverse simulation results of route 1
摩尔转移量 GY10→GY11 GY11→GY01 GY01→GY16 GY16→GY03 矿物相 化学式 方解石 CaCO3 1.911×10-4 -5.017×10-4 -2.025×10-5 - 白云石 CaMg(CO3)2 2.873×10-4 3.391×10-4 3.658×10-4 -2.504×10-4 石膏 CaSO4·2H2O 3.974×10-4 1.120×10-3 5.822×10-4 4.721×10-4 盐岩 NaCl 1.394×10-4 3.697×10-4 - 4.096×10-4 CO2 CO2 1.060×10-4 1.169×10-3 2.883×10-4 -3.369×10-4 注：负值表示沉淀，正值表示溶解；“-”表示该矿物未参与反应.
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表 3 路径2反向模拟结果
Table 3. The reverse simulation results of route 2
摩尔转移量 GY09→GY14 GY14→GY05 矿物相 化学式 方解石 CaCO3 -7.330×10-4 - 白云石 CaMg(CO3)2 3.263×10-4 1.257×10-4 石膏 CaSO4·2H2O 1.629×10-4 6.929×10-4 盐岩 NaCl 2.325×10-4 5.623×10-4 CO2 CO2 - 3.313×10-4 CaX2 -1.014×10-4 2.296×10-4 阳离子交换 MgX2 - - Na2X 2.027×10-4 -3.001×10-4 注：负值表示沉淀，正值表示溶解；“-”表示该矿物未参与反应.
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