Experiment on Migration and Transformation of Nitrate under Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water
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摘要: 全球水体氮污染形势严峻，且以硝态氮(NO3--N)污染为主，研究地下水与地表水(G-S)相互作用模式对NO3--N在“潜流带”(HZ)中迁移转化的影响是开展水体氮污染综合防控的关键.开展地表水(S)补给地下水(G)(下降流)、地下水(G)补给地表水(S)(上升流)以及交替作用3种模式的NO3--N迁移转化实验，研究表明：3种模式下，出水NO3--N浓度可降低95%以上；上升流中反硝化强度大于下降流；异化还原作用(DNRA)对下降流与上升流出水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度的贡献分别约为71%和11%；上升流实验后水-土界面有机氮含量是下降流实验后水-土界面的2.3倍.结果表明，G-S相互作用下NO3--N的衰减途径主要包括：合成有机氮、反硝化及DNRA；相互作用模式对各衰减途径的强度存在影响；HZ介质通过吸附NH4+-N和微生物作用合成有机氮的方式截留氮素.Abstract: At present, the situation of water nitrogen pollution in the world is grim, and nitrate (NO3--N) pollution is the main form. To study the effects of groundwater and surface water (G-S) interaction on the migration and transformation of NO3--N in the hyporheic zone (HZ) is the key for comprehensive prevention and control of water nitrogen pollution. Three modes of NO3--N migration and transformation experiments, including surface water (S) supply for groundwater (G) (down-welling), groundwater (G) supply for surface water (S) (up-welling) and the alternative mode, were carried out in the study. It is found that NO3--N concentration of three modes effluent can be reduced more than 95%; the strength of denitrification in up-welling was greater than in down-welling; the contribution of the dissimilation reduction (DNRA) to the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration in the outflow of down-welling and up-welling was about 71% and 11%, respectively. After up-welling experiment, the organic nitrogen content of water-soil interface was 2.3 times as much as the down-welling experiment. It was shown that the NO3--N attenuation pathways under the G-S interaction mainly include denitrification, DNRA and the synthesis of organic nitrogen; G-S interaction modes had effects on the strength of each NO3--N attenuation pathway; HZ media could intercept nitrogen through the adsorption of NH4+-N and microbial synthesis of organic nitrogen.
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图 1 下降流(a)和上升流(b)实验装置
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of down-welling (a) and up-welling (b) experiment device
图 3 下降流(a)和上升流(b)实验组出水NO3--N浓度及Cl-浓度变化曲线
Fig. 3. The curves of NO3--N concentration and Cl- concentration in the effluent of down-welling (a) and up-welling (b) experiment group
图 4 上升流(GA)和下降流实验组(SA)出水中DO(a)和NO2--N(b)浓度对比
Fig. 4. The curves of DO (a) and NO2--N (b) in the effluent of up-welling (GA) and down-welling experimental groups (SA)
图 5 下降流(a)实验组、上升流(b)实验组与对照组出水NH4+-N浓度变化曲线
Fig. 5. The curves of NH4+-N in the effluent of down-welling (a) and up-welling (b) experimental and control groups
图 6 下降流(a)和上升流(b)实验组土柱不同深度氮素形态及含量
Fig. 6. Nitrogen forms and contents in different depth of the down-welling (a) and up-welling (b) experiment group column
图 7 交替实验Cl-(a), 出水DO(b), 出水NO3--N及NO2-N(c)和出水NH4+-N(d)度变化曲线
Fig. 7. The curves of Cl- (a), DO (b), NO3--N and NO2--N (c) and NH4+-N (d) concentration in the effluent of alternate experiment
图 8 G-S相互作用下NO3--N在HZ介质中的迁移转化概念模型
Fig. 8. Conceptual model of NO3--N migration and transformation in HZ under the G-S interaction
表 1 实验用土基本理化性质
Table 1. The basic physical and chemical properties of experimental soil
指标 干容重
(g/cm3)NO3--N
(mg/kg)NH4+-N
(mg/kg)有机氮
(mg/kg)TN
(mg/kg)数值 1.43 19.83 1.33 633.06 654.22 
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表 2 模拟液主要组分及其浓度
Table 2. Main components and concentrations in simulated solution
实验 模拟液 分组 编号 Cl-(mg/L) KNO3(以N计，mg/L) CH3COONa(以C计，mg/L) DO(mg/L) 下降流 地表水 实验组 SA 500 100 171.43 9~10 对照组 SB 500 - 171.43 9~10 上升流 地下水 实验组 GA 500 100 171.43 ＜2 对照组 GB 500 - 171.43 ＜2 交替 地表水 实验组 SD 250 50 85.72 9~10 对照组 SE 250 - 85.72 9~10 地下水 实验组 GD - 50 85.72 ＜2 对照组 GE - - 85.72 ＜2 注：表中“-”代表不添加该试剂.
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表 3 交替实验组土柱不同深度氮素形态及含量(mg/kg)
Table 3. Nitrogen forms and contents in different depth of alternate experimental group column (mg/kg)
形态 深度(cm) NO3--N NH4+-N 有机氮 TN 实验前 0~10 19.83 1.33 633.06 654.22 实验后 0~5 13.00 8.00 728.26 749.26 5~10 11.17 25.75 839.14 876.05
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