Characterization of Diagenesis and the Petroleum Charge in Kela 2 Gas Field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 克拉2气田是中国陆上勘探已知最大的天然气气田，下白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩是其主力储层.为了揭示本区储层成岩作用和油气充注之间的成因联系，综合应用偏光显微镜、阴极发光显微镜、扫描电镜、CT扫描三维重构、X-射线衍射、荧光光谱、显微测温和激光拉曼等技术手段研究了克拉2气田储层的成岩作用和油气充注期次及特征，并且探讨了油气充注对成岩作用的影响.研究结果显示：本区的成岩矿物组合为石英次生加大边、方解石、白云石，铁白云石，微晶石英和自生高岭石.发育3期油气充注：第1期为低温高盐度的低成熟油气流体，以记录在石英愈合裂隙、长石解理和方解石胶结物中的黄褐色荧光包裹体为代表，充注时间为18 Ma；第2期为高温高盐度的高成熟油气流体，以记录在石英愈合裂隙和白云石胶结物中的黄白-蓝白色荧光包裹体为代表，充注时间为6 Ma；第3期为高温低盐度的天然气充注，以记录在石英愈合裂隙和铁白云石胶结物中的无荧光气烃包裹体为代表，充注时间4 Ma.本区储层中自生高岭石、微晶石英和储层沥青是晚期天然气充注对储层改造的结果.Abstract: The Kela-2 gas field is the most productive gas field in China. The lower Cretaceous Bashenjiqike Formation (K1bs) are the dominated gas-bearing strata. Characterization of the diagenetic history, different fluid inclusion assemblages and the effects of oil emplacement on diagenetic processes of the K1bs in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin have been studied using a combination of techniques such as polarizing microscope, cathode luminescence (CL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), CT three-dimensional reconstruction, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence spectroscopy, microthermometry, and Raman microspectroscopy. Diagenetic events identify include quartz overgrowths, early calcite cements, dolomite cements, ankerite cements, micro-quartz and authigenic kaolinite. Three episodes of oil emplacement are recorded by the diagenetic products in the K1bs Formations. The first episode consists of the yellowish-brown fluorescent petroleum inclusions hosted in the transgranular fractures, cleavage plans of the feldspar and calcite cements, paired with low trapped temperature and relatively high salinity, forming around 18 Ma; the second episode consists of the yellow-white to blue-white petroleum inclusions located in the transgranular fractures, boundary of quartz particles and dolomite cements, paired with high trapped temperature and high salinity, forming around 6 Ma; the third episode consists of the CH4-bearing vapour inclusions within the annealed microfractures and ankerite cements, having with high trapped temperature and low salinity, forming around 4 Ma. Authigenic kaolinite, micor-quartz and solid bitumen are the results transformed by the advanced natural gas charge.
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Key words:
- diagenesis /
- fluid inclusions /
- oil emplacement /
- Kuqa depression
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图 1 库车凹陷构造单元划分及克拉2气田位置(a)、剖面(b)、岩心柱状图(c)
Fig. 1. Map of the Kuqa Depression showing the Kela 2 Gas Field in the Kelasu thrust fold belt
图 3 克拉2气田储层砂岩粘土矿物组成
Fig. 3. Clay mineral constituents of the Kela 2 reservoir sandstones
图 4 克拉2储层砂岩岩石类型三角分类图
Fig. 4. Classification ternary diagram of the Kela 2 reservoir sandstones
图 6 巴什基奇克组砂岩成岩矿物显微特征照片
OQ.石英加大边；MQ.微晶石英；Qtz.石英颗粒；Kfs.钾长石；Pl.斜长石；Bi.储层沥青；Bt.黑云母；Kao.自生高岭石；Cal.方解石；Dol.白云石；Ank.铁白云石
Fig. 6. Characteristic photomicrographs for authigenic mineralogy in the K1bs reservoir sandstones
图 7 巴什基奇克组砂岩烃类包裹体显微特征照片
Qtz.石英；Pl.斜长石；Kfs.钾长石；Ank.铁白云石；1st OIs.第1期烃类包裹体；2nd OIs.第2期烃类包裹体；3rd Vis.第3期气烃包裹体
Fig. 7. Characteristic photomicrographs for oil and coexisting aqueous inclusions in the K1bs reservoir sandstones
图 8 巴什基奇克组砂岩两期烃类包裹体显微特征和荧光光谱曲线
Fig. 8. Characteristic photomicrographs and Fluorescence spectra of two episodes of oil inclusions in the K1bs reservoir sandstones
图 9 烃类包裹体及伴生盐水包裹体均一温度直方图
Fig. 9. Homogenization temperature histogram of petroleum and coexisting aqueous fluid inclusions
图 10 均一温度-盐度散点图
Fig. 10. Homogenization temperature versus ice-melting temperature plot for aqueous inclusions associated with oil inclusions
图 11 甲烷包裹体的激光拉曼光谱图
Fig. 11. Raman 2D spectrogram and spectra of typical CH4-bearing vapour inclusions
图 12 均一温度结合热史曲线确定油气充注时间(KL201井)
Fig. 12. Inferred oil charge timing obtained from integration of the minimum Th of the aqueous fluid inclusions coeval with the oil inclusions with the thermal history plots in Well KL201
图 13 克拉2气田成岩-成藏演化
Fig. 13. Evolution of digenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation of the Kela 2 Gas Field
图 14 克拉201井储层砂岩沥青和高岭石空间分布
黑色：沥青+孔隙；黄色：高岭石；灰色：骨架碎屑和基质
Fig. 14. Spatial distribution of kaolinite and bitumen in the sandstone of Well KL201
图 15 克拉2气田巴什基奇克组砂岩成岩-成藏共生序列
Fig. 15. Paragenetic sequence of diagenetic minerals and oil charge events in K1bs reservoir sandstones from the Kela 2 Gas Field
表 1 流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1. Summary of microthermometric results
编号 包裹体类型 宿主矿物 产状 大小
(μm×μm)气液比
(%)均一温度
(℃)冰点
(℃)盐度
(% NaCl eq.)伴生烃类包裹体 1 气液两相盐水包裹体 石英 愈合裂隙 2×3 5 95.0 -13.5 17.34 黄褐色荧光包裹体 2 2×4 5 96.2 / / 3 2×3 5 120.0 / / 4 2×3 5 102.3 -14.5 18.22 5 2×5 10 108.3 -14.5 18.22 6 1×8 5 96.7 -15.2 18.80 7 气液两相盐水包裹体 石英 愈合裂隙 1×3 5 123.0 -12.6 16.53 气烃包裹体 8 1×4 5 160.0 -14.1 17.87 9 2×4 5 140.0 -13.3 17.17 10 5×9 10 145.8 -13.4 17.26 11 2×4 20 156.4 -10.0 13.94 12 2×4 10 123.4 / / 13 2×2 10 162.1 / / 14 3×12 5 154.7 / / 15 2×1 10 175.3 -14.4 18.13 16 2×6 10 177.7 -12.6 16.53 17 气液两相盐水包裹体 石英 边部 3×6 10 114.0 / / 蓝白色荧光包裹体 18 2×3 5 122.0 -17.0 20.22 19 白云石 2×4 5 122.0 -17.4 20.52 20 孤立分布 1×5 5 123.0 -17.0 20.22 21 蓝白色荧光包裹体 白云石 10×25 25 93.7 / / / 22 黄褐色荧光包裹体 方解石 7×15 25 80.0 / / / 23 10×14 30 81.2 / / / 
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表 2 室温下流体包裹体激光拉曼测试结果
Table 2. Laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions at room temperature
编号 深度(m) 包裹体类型 产状 气相成分 拉曼位移(cm-1) KL201-1 3 667.7 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 913.6 KL201-2 3 667.7 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 912.7 KL201-3 3 788.1 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.2 KL201-4 3 788.1 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.1 KL201-5 3 632.0 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 913.6 KL201-6 3 632.0 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.9 KL201-7 3 850.4 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 910.2 KL201-8 3 850.4 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.1 KL201-9 3 850.4 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.0 KL201-10 3 850.4 气烃包裹体 石英颗粒愈合裂隙 CH4 2 911.1
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