Epigenetic Alteration and Its Constraints on Uranium Mineralization from the Qianjiadian Uranium Deposit, Southern Songliao Basin
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摘要: 目前对松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床成因的认识存在明显争议.本文利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD等分析测试方法对该矿床后生蚀变作用进行了系统的研究，发现该矿床不同类型砂岩中矿物蚀变作用类型有：赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、粘土化、碳酸盐化和铀矿化，其中黄铁矿化包括胶状黄铁矿化、草莓状黄铁矿化和粒状黄铁矿化，粘土化主要包括水云母化、高岭石化和伊利石化，碳酸盐化包括方解石化、铁白云石化和菱铁矿化.红色砂岩和黄色砂岩以赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化、水云母化、高岭石化、伊利石化和方解石化为主，但黄色砂岩中赤铁矿化、褐铁矿化及水云母化程度略低；灰色不含矿砂岩以微弱赤铁矿化、黄铁矿化、高岭石化、伊利石化、铁白云石化和菱铁矿化为主；灰色含矿砂岩中以黄铁矿化、高岭石化、伊利石化、铁白云石化、铀矿化和菱铁矿化为主；原生灰色砂岩以黄铁矿化和菱铁矿化为主.钱家店铀矿床演化历史和矿物之间的穿插关系分析显示，成岩期矿物蚀变以菱铁矿为代表，形成于中性-弱碱性环境；成矿早期矿物蚀变以赤铁矿、针铁矿、黄铁矿、水云母和高岭石等为代表，形成于酸性环境；成矿晚期矿物蚀变以伊利石和铁白云石为代表，形成于弱碱-碱性环境；成矿期后矿物蚀变以方解石为代表，形成于碱-强碱性环境.因此，钱家店铀矿床经历了成岩期中性-弱碱性环境→成矿早期酸性环境→成矿晚期弱碱-碱性环境→成矿期后碱-强碱性环境的转变.Abstract: There are many controversies about the metallogenic mechanism for the Qianjiadian uranium deposit in the southern Songliao basin. Using a series of tests including micropolariscope, SEM and XRD, the epigenetic alteration of the Qianjiadian uranium deposit have been described. It has been shown that this deposit contains six types of alteration: Haematization, ferritization, pyritization (gelatinous pyrite, framboidal pyrite and granular pyrite), argillation (hydromicazation, kaolinization and illitization), carbonatation (calcilization, ankeritization and sideritization) and uranium mineralization. Haematization, ferritization, hydromicazation, kaolinization, illitization and calcilization frequently occur in the red sandstones and yellow sandstones, and the extent of haematization, ferritization and hydromicazation is lower in the yellow sandstones than that in the red sandstones. Weak haematization, pyritization, kaolinization, illitization, ankeritization and sideritization can often be seen in the non-mineralized grey sandstones. Pyritization, kaolinization, illitization, ankeritization, uranium metallization and sideritization are primarily formed in the mineralized grey sandstones. Pyritization and sideritization often occur in the primary grey sandstones. The Qianjiadian uranium deposit has undergone neutral-alkalescent environment during the diagenetic period, acidic environment during the early metallogenic period, alkalescent-alkalic environment during the late metallogenic period, and alkali environment during the postmineralization. The neutral-alkalescent environment during the diagenetic period is characterized by formation of siderite. The acidic environment during the early metallogenic period is characterized by formation of hematite, allcharite, pyrite, gyulekhite and kaolinite. The alkalescent-alkalic environment during the late metallogenic period is characterized by formation of ankerite. The alkali environment during the postmineralization is characterized by formation of calcite.
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图 1 区域地质背景及钱家店铀矿床概况
a.钱家店铀矿床SQk2y(LST)层间氧化带与铀矿化体的空间配置关系；b.钱家店地区地层综合柱状；c.钱家店铀矿床层间氧化带剖面展布
Fig. 1. Geology background and brief introduction of the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 2 钱家店铀矿床赤铁矿化和褐铁矿化特征
a.胶状赤铁矿，充填于蚀变碎屑颗粒之间，QC19-16；b.胶状赤铁矿，分布于蚀变的长石颗粒内部，呈交代关系，QC90-10；c.粒状赤铁矿，分布于碎屑颗粒之间，QC90-10；d.褐铁矿，分布于颗粒之间，部分颗粒被浸染呈褐色，单偏光，QC90-10；e.分布于黄铁矿颗粒表面的褐铁矿，把粒状黄铁矿包裹，单偏光，QC14-41；f.分布于黄铁矿颗粒表面的褐铁矿，把粒状黄铁矿包裹，反射光，QC14-41
Fig. 2. Haematization and ferritization in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 3 钱家店铀矿床黄铁矿化特征
a.胶状黄铁矿，充填于颗粒之间，反射光，09-05-20；b.胶状黄铁矿，分布于植物炭屑内部，扫描电镜，09-05-19；c.莓球状黄铁矿，扫描电镜，09-05-15；d.自形黄铁矿，反射光，09-05-11；e和f.与铀矿共生的微小粒状黄铁矿，09-05-19
Fig. 3. Pyritization in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 4 钱家店铀矿床粘土化和碳酸盐化特征
a.长石蚀变为水云母，09-05-8，正交偏光；b.长石蚀变为高岭石，高岭石周围吸附铀，09-05-19；c.黑云母蚀变为高岭石，充填于解理缝，09-05-19；d.伊利石产于蚀变长石周围，QC90-10；e.方解石充填于颗粒之间，包裹早先形成的赤铁矿颗粒，QC62-3；f.铁白云石呈粒状产于碎屑颗粒之间，QC19-15；g.菱铁矿以胶结物形式产于碎屑颗粒之间，QC17-47；h.铁白云石包裹自形菱铁矿晶体，09-05-15
Fig. 4. Argillation and carbonatation in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 5 钱家店铀矿床铀矿化特征
a.高岭石吸附铀；b.伊利石吸附铀；c.黑云母吸附铀；d.铀吸附在石英颗粒边缘；e.铀吸附在岩屑边缘及其内部溶蚀孔隙外壁；f.铀吸附在岩屑颗粒被溶蚀的孔隙外壁；样品号为09-05-19
Fig. 5. Uranium mineralization in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 6 钱家店铀矿床蚀变类型及组合特征
Fig. 6. Altered minerals and their assemblage in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 7 松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床铀成矿模式
a.嫩江组末期构造反转后的铀成矿流体系统；b.新近世-现今的铀成矿流体系统
Fig. 7. Metallogenic model of the Qianjiadian uranium deposit in the southern Songliao basin
图 8 钱家店铀矿床矿物生成序列
Fig. 8. Generating succession of alteration minerals in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
表 1 钱家店铀矿床常见矿物XRD测试结果(%)
Table 1. Common minerals tested by XRD in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
样品编号 岩性 蒙脱石 绿泥石 伊利石 高岭石 石英 长石 方解石 白云石 铁白云石 赤铁矿 黄铁矿 QC19-9 0 0 5 5 61 29 0 0 0 0 0 QC90-3 0 0 5 5 40 48 0 0 0 2 0 QC90-5 0 0 5 5 48 40 0 0 0 2 0 QC90-12 5 0 5 5 47 34 0 0 2 2 0 QC90-18 红色砂岩 10 5 5 5 39 33 0 0 0 3 0 40-01-23 0 0 5 5 37 26 25 0 0 2 0 09-05-8 0 0 5 5 40 48 0 0 0 2 0 QC90-10 0 0 5 5 47 41 0 0 0 2 0 QC90-2 0 0 5 5 57 33 0 0 0 0 0 QC90-6
黄色砂岩0 0 5 0 43 25 0 25 0 2 0 QC90-16 10 0 5 0 48 25 2 0 10 0 0 40-01-20 0 0 5 5 36 46 0 6 0 2 0 09-05-4 0 0 5 5 55 35 0 0 0 0 0 09-05-11 0 0 5 5 42 34 0 12 0 2 0 QC90-11 灰色不含矿砂岩 0 0 5 5 42 34 0 12 0 2 0 05-01-29 0 0 5 5 54 34 0 0 0 2 0 40-01-24 0 0 5 5 48 42 0 0 0 0 0 05-01-45 0 0 5 5 53 31 0 6 0 0 0 09-05-16 0 0 5 5 55 30 0 5 0 0 0 40-01-8 0 0 5 5 53 33 0 4 0 0 0 40-01-26 0 0 5 5 46 44 0 0 0 0 0 09-05-17 0 0 5 10 44 28 0 13 0 0 0 09-05-19 灰色含矿砂岩 0 0 5 10 52 30 0 0 0 0 3 09-05-20 0 0 5 10 46 23 0 0 14 0 2 QC19-21 0 0 5 10 42 39 0 0 4 0 0 QC19-22 0 0 5 5 36 31 23 0 0 0 0 QC19-24 0 0 5 5 48 42 0 0 0 0 0 QC19-28 0 0 5 10 40 37 2 6 0 0 0 QC17-9 0 0 5 5 48 42 0 0 0 0 0 QC17-16 0 0 5 5 43 41 2 4 0 0 0 QC17-24 0 0 5 5 60 30 0 0 0 0 0 QC17-34 原生灰色砂岩 0 0 5 5 38 40 0 12 0 0 0 QC17-40 0 0 5 5 54 36 0 0 0 0 0 QC17-47 0 0 5 5 47 43 0 0 0 0 0 QC90-1 0 0 5 5 45 41 0 4 0 0 0 
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