Reservoir Quality Characterization of Upper Triassic Chang 7 Shale in Ordos Basin
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摘要: 页岩气的成功勘探开发引发了全球海相页岩研究的热潮, 然而对处于生油窗内的陆相页岩储集性能的研究尚需加强.基于光学薄片、场发射扫描电镜、环境扫描电镜、纳米CT、图像分析、GRI物性、气体吸附等方法对长7段泥页岩储集性能进行系统研究.结果表明: 长7段泥页岩形成于陆相半深湖-深湖环境, 面积为10×104 km2, TOC＞2%, Ro=0.8%~1.0%, HI=124~480 mg/g, 生烃潜力高; 脆性矿物含量为45%~59%, 孔隙度为0.6%~3.8%, 渗透率为0.000 72×10-3~0.002 30×10-3 μm2; 主要发育粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔, 以伊蒙混层等粘土矿物粒内孔为主, 有机质孔较少; 孔隙直径为30~200 nm, 孔喉系统连通性中等, 具备储集能力; 伊蒙混层等粘土矿物含量与比孔容相关性优于热演化程度与烃指数等, 表明长7页岩微观孔隙主要受控于成岩作用, 有机质生烃作用对储集空间贡献相对较小; 滞留烃主要以吸附态和游离态存在于黄铁矿晶间孔、伊蒙混层粒内孔、伊利石粒内孔与长石粒间孔.Abstract: The successful exploration and development of shale gas have triggered an upsurge of research in global marine shale. However, more reservoir quality research of non-marine shale in oil window is still needed. Reservoir quality potential of Upper Triassic Chang 7 shale in Ordos basin was analyzed based on the data from thin section, FE-SEM, environmental SEM, nano-CT, GRI, and gas adsorption. Chang 7 shale is deposited in semi-deep to deep lake, covering an area of 10×104 km2. Geochemical data suggests that Chang 7 shale has potential of great hydrocarbon (HC) generation, with TOC > 2%, Ro=0.8%-1.0% and HI=124-480 mg/g. The brittle mineral content is 45%-59%. The total porosity and permeability are 0.6%-3.8%, 0.000 72×10-3-0.002 30×10-3 μm2 respectively. Three types of pores including interparticle pores, intra-particle pores and intra-organic matter (OM) pores are discovered, and intra-illite/smectite mix-layers pores dominate in the storage space, with small number of OM pores. The diameter of pores is 30-200 nm and the connectivity of pore system is medium to good, indicating that Chang 7 shale is of the potential to become reservoir for shale oil. The pore volume is more related to illite/smectite mix-layers content than to that of maturity and hydrocarbon index, which may suggest that the porosity in Chang 7 shale is controlled by diagenesis rather than HC generation. The residual HC is absorbed and distributed as free hydrocarbons in intra-pyrite pores, intra-illite/smectite mix-layer pores, intra-illite pores and inter-feldspar pores.
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Key words:
- unconventional oil and gas /
- lacustrine shale /
- Chang 7 shale /
- shale oil /
- nano-pore system /
- tight oil and gas /
- Ordos basin /
- petroleum geology.
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图 1 长7页岩厚度分布与延长组划分
Fig. 1. Thickness of Chang 7 shale and sub-division of Yanchang Formation
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地长7泥页岩岩心、薄片、SEM与纳米CT典型图像
a.黑色泥岩，里50井，长73，2 071.40 m；b.黑色泥岩，庄176井，长72，1 555.70 m；c.灰黑色粉砂质泥岩，黄铁矿发育(图中红框)，白272井，长71，2 028.80 m；d.黑色有机质围绕黄铁矿团块呈条带状展布，单偏光，镇37井，长73，2 236.30 m；e.黑色油页岩，荧光薄片，镇37井，长73，2 237.30 m；f.黑色有机质围绕黄铁矿团块呈条带状展布，庄75井，长73，1 949.63 m；g.长石粒间孔，孔隙发育在有机质与基质接触边，呈长条状产出，并见伊蒙混层粒内孔，白478井，长7；h.绿泥石粒内孔与粒间孔，见溶蚀特征发育，张2井，960.00 m；i.长石粒内孔，具有定向排列特征，元423，2 404.90 m；j, k.伊蒙混层粒内孔，形态为长条状，以集合体形式出现，发育范围较大，白406井，1 975.30 m；l.伊利石粒内孔，较分散，白406井，1 975.30 m；m~o.有机质孔，孔隙或沿有机质边缘发育，呈长条状产出，或切穿有机质内部，白406井，1 975.30 m；p~r.微裂缝，具有定向排列特征，或切穿基质颗粒，或切穿黄铁矿晶体，图p为整体电镜照片，图q为图p中框架内放大，图r为能谱成分像，里147井，长7，2 423.00 m
Fig. 2. Typical core, thin section, SEM and nano-CT photos of Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 4 全球典型页岩储层物性散点图
除华庆长6致密砂岩采用气测渗透率外，其余样品均选用GRI方法，国外数据源自Loucks et al., 2009; Joel and Steven, 2011; Passey et al., 2012
Fig. 4. Petrophysical property of Chang 7 shale and its comparison with other shales in the world
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩L147-3三维孔喉系统模型
图5特征参数见表 1.a, b.纳米CT分析结果；a.孔喉系统全貌，蓝色为黄铁矿，红色为孔喉；b.孔喉系统骨架模型，展示了较好的空间连通性；c, d.聚焦离子束扫描电镜实验结果；c.原始灰度图像，分辨率达1 nm，孔隙主体以伊蒙混层粒内孔、绿泥石粒内孔和长石粒间孔为主；d.三维孔喉系统重构结果，黄色即为孔喉系统
Fig. 5. 3D porosity model of L147-3 in Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 7 长7页岩比表面-比孔容-平均孔喉直径散点图
Fig. 7. Surface area, volume and avg. diameter of pores in Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地长7油页岩比表面BHJ孔隙分布
Fig. 8. Pore diameter from BHJ model of Nitrogen adsorption data, Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩比孔容与矿物组成关系散点图
Fig. 9. Pore volume vs. mineralogy, Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩比孔容与TOC、Ro、IH关系
Fig. 10. Pore volume vs. TOC, Ro and IH, Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩环境扫描照片
a, b.黄铁矿晶间孔滞留烃，山105井，1 914.50 m；c.黄铁矿晶间滞留烃，里147井，2 444.00 m；d.伊蒙混层粒内孔滞留烃，庄75井，1 949.63 m；e.伊利石粒内孔滞留烃，白406井，1 975.30 m；f.长石粒间孔滞留烃，元423，2 404.90 m
Fig. 11. Environment-SEM photos of Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地长7泥页岩有机地化参数
Table 1. Geochemical parameters of Chang 7 shale, Ordos basin
样品编号 B406-2 B478 L147-3 LI50-1 W58 G50-2 L147-6 Y423-1 Y423-2 Z2-1 样品深度(m) 1 976.00 2 088.40 2 447.80 2 071.00 1 445.85 2 006.52 2 444.00 2 404.90 2 141.30 960.00 有机地化参数 TOC(%) 4.04 2.06 15.60 6.23 8.65 3.60 14.40 13.40 0.87 2.91 Tmax(℃) 449 449 452 456 448 452 457 466 452 451 S1(mg/g) 1.21 0.58 5.81 1.86 5.44 3.76 4.30 6.45 1.01 2.05 S2(mg/g) 12.65 5.99 40.60 18.42 33.65 8.39 35.62 19.81 5.40 7.25 IH(mg/g) 313 291 260 296 389 250 247 148 621 249 S1/TOC(mg/g) 29.95 28.16 37.24 29.86 62.89 111.90 29.86 48.13 116.09 70.45 Ro(%) 0.67 0.71 0.92 0.74 0.74 0.90 0.92 0.83 0.95 0.76 岩石物理参数 氮气吸附数据 BET比表面积(m2/g) 1.322 0 0.652 9 0.698 2 0.582 0 2.737 3 2.357 0 1.811 0 5.627 8 6.411 0 5.343 8 BJH比孔容(cm3/g) 0.006 600 0.003 359 0.003 800 0.002 200 0.009 775 0.011 337 0.007 000 0.017 206 0.019 34 0.021 989 BJH孔隙直径(10-10 m) 154.180 177.094 237.760 153.640 92.721 159.224 184.800 107.406 90.112 134.600 物性 孔隙度(%) 2.5* 1.9* 2.3 2.8* 3.1* 2.1 3.8 2.6 0.8 - 渗透率(10-3 μm2) 0.004 60* 0.009 60* 0.002 30 0.010 60 0.008 70* 0.000 92 0.021 60 0.009 87 0.000 72 - 矿物成分参数 脆性矿物 石英(%) 17.2 18.5 18.2 23.5 20.1 12.7 14.8 13.9 17.1 12.6 长石(%) 15.1 15.4 12.8 14.4 14.1 6.4 8.1 4.5 7.7 13.0 白云石(%) 6.1 7.7 4.4 0 8.7 0 0 0 0 0 黄铁矿(%) 0 0 0 9.5 0 1.5 10.5 9 1 0 赤铁矿(%) 3.4 14.8 22.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 非晶态(%) 0 0 0 0 0 36.4 30.4 35.2 25.9 27.5 总含量(%) 41.8 56.4 58.2 47.4 42.9 57.0 63.8 62.6 51.7 53.1 粘土矿物 总含量(%) 58.2 43.6 41.8 52.6 57.1 43.0 36.2 37.4 48.3 46.9 I/S相对/绝对含量(%) 38/22.1 53/23.1 72/30.0 54/28.4 40/22.8 65/28.0 51/18.5 65/24.3 76/36.7 75/35.2 I相对/绝对含量(%) 43/25 34/14.8 19/7.9 35/18.4 43/24.6 10/4.3 31/11.2 16/6.0 9/4.3 10/4.7 K相对/绝对含量(%) 6/3.5 0/0 5/2.1 5/2.6 4/2.3 8/3.4 9/3.3 8/3.0 5/2.4 3/1.4 C相对/绝对含量(%) 13/7.6 13/5.7 4/1.8 6/3.2 13/7.4 17/7.3 9/3.2 11/4.1 10/4.9 12/5.6 混层比(%) 15 20 20 15 30 30 20 20 20 25 注：物性标*为CT图像计算结果. 
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