Ore-Forming Fluid Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Pb-Zn Deposit in Hongling, Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 红岭铅锌矿是内蒙古东南部的大型代表性矿床之一.目前，对该矿床成矿流体地球化学特征、性质及演化问题尚缺乏系统研究.对其展开了系统的流体包裹体研究.结果表明，矿区矽卡岩期Ⅰ阶段石榴石中发育含NaCl子矿物三相(SL)、气相-富气相(LV)及气液两相(VL)3种类型的原生流体包裹体，Ⅱ阶段中石英颗粒主要发育LV和VL两种类型原生流体包裹体，测温结果表明矽卡岩期成矿流体属中-高温、高盐度的不均匀NaCl-H2O体系热液，在成矿过程中发生过沸腾作用而导致铅、锌、铜等有用元素沉淀富集.石英-硫化物期Ⅲ→Ⅵ阶段中矿物均主要发育较单一的VL型包裹体，其中Ⅲ阶段热液均一温度较矽卡岩期明显降低，而盐度没有明显变化；Ⅳ阶段成矿流体均一温度明显增高、盐度明显降低，反映了有新的高温、低盐度体系热液的加入；而Ⅴ→Ⅵ阶段成矿流体均一温度及盐度逐渐降低，体现了一种不断与外来天水混合的演变趋势；整体上看，石英-硫化物期流体为简单的中-低温、低盐度NaCl-H2O体系热液.流体包裹体C、H、O同位素研究表明，红岭矿床矽卡岩期Ⅱ阶段成矿流体以岩浆水为主；石英-硫化物期成矿流体源自大气降水与岩浆水的混合流体，晚阶段逐渐演化为以大气降水为主.矿床S、Pb同位素研究表明，区内成矿物质具深源特点.Abstract: Hongling lead-zinc deposit is one of the representative large deposits in southeastern Inner Mongolia. Presently, there's very little research on geochemical characteristics and evolution of ore-form fluids, and ore genesis. The fluid inclusions are systemly researched in this paper, The results show that there are three types of primary fluid inclusions in garnet of garnet-skarn stage (Ⅰ) including halite-bearing three-phase, aqueous two-phase as well as vapor-rich two-phase; there are two types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz of stage (Ⅱ) including aqueous two-phase as well as vapor-rich two-phase. It is found in our microthermometric study that the ore-forming fluid is of high temperature, high salinity and immiscible NaCl-H2O type solutions and the boiling process plays important role in the precipitation of Pb, Zn, and Cu. Quartz of mineralization stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ of quartz-sulfide epochs contains only aqueous two-phase of fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperature of this type of fluid inclusions is obviously lower than that of skarn epoch, while the salinity does not obviously change. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions show a rising trend with salinities displaying a dropping trend of stage Ⅳ, and it may be caused by adding of high temperature, low salinity type fluid. The dropping of homogenization temperatures and salinities of ore-forming fluids from mineralization stages Ⅴ to Ⅵ suggests that meteoric water continuously joining into the ore-forming fluid. Overall, the ore-forming fluids of quartz-sulfide epoch is of medium-low temperature and low salinity NaCl-H2O type solutions. C, H, O isotope study of fluid inclusions shows that the ore-forming fluids of skarn epoch mainly came from magmatic water and that of quartz-sulfide epoch came from mixed magmatic water and meteoric water, whereas at the latest stage of mineralization, the ore-forming fluids mainly came from meteoric water. The study of S, Pb isotopes implies that the ore-forming materials posed a deep source feature.
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图 1 红岭铅锌矿区大地构造位置(a)及矿床地质图(b)
万多等，2014.1.第四系；2.上侏罗统满克头鄂博组；3.中二叠统大石寨组砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩等；4.中二叠统大石寨组大理岩；5.断层；6.晚侏罗世中粗粒花岗岩；7.花岗斑岩脉；8.闪长玢岩脉；9.铅锌矿体；10.矽卡岩；11.地名；12.勘探线
Fig. 1. Tectonic location and deposit geology of Hongling Pb-Zn district
图 2 红岭铅锌矿床不同成矿阶矿脉穿切关系
Ⅰ.石榴石-矽卡岩阶段；Ⅱ.磁铁矿-石英阶段；Ⅲ.方铅矿-闪锌矿±黄铁矿-石英阶段；Ⅳ.闪锌矿-黄铜矿-方铅矿-方解石阶段；Ⅴ.方铅矿-黄铜矿-方解石阶段；Ⅵ.晚期方解石阶段；a.Ⅲ阶段矿脉沿裂隙充填于Ⅰ阶段矽卡岩之中，而Ⅳ阶段明显破坏了前者；b.Ⅱ阶段充填于Ⅰ阶段石榴石-矽卡岩之中，Ⅳ阶段矿脉穿切Ⅲ阶段矿脉；c.Ⅴ阶段穿切Ⅳ阶段矿脉；d.根据矿脉间穿切关系判断从早到晚依次为Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ阶段；e.Ⅵ阶段方解石穿切Ⅳ阶段矿体
Fig. 2. Photographs of different stages sample in Hongling Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit
图 3 红岭铅锌矿床流体包裹体显微照片
S.NaCl子矿物；LH2O.液态水；VH2O.气态水；Grt.石榴石；Qtz.石英；Cc.方解石；a~c.石榴石-矽卡岩阶段；d~e.磁铁矿-石英阶段；f.方铅矿-闪锌矿±黄铁矿阶段；g.黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿阶段；h.方铅矿-闪锌矿-黄铜矿-方解石阶段；i.晚期方解石阶段
Fig. 3. Photographs of fluid inclusions of Hongling Pb-Zn deposit
图 4 红岭铅锌多金属矿区不同成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度、盐度直方图
a~b.Ⅰ阶段；c~d.Ⅱ阶段；e~f.Ⅲ阶段；g~h.Ⅳ阶段；i~j.Ⅴ阶段；k~l.Ⅵ阶段
Fig. 4. The histograms of homogeneous temperature and salinity of different stages of fluid inclusions in Hongling Pb-Zn ore district
图 6 红岭铅锌矿床硫同位素组成直方图
Fig. 6. Distributions of the sulfur isotopic compositions from Hongling Pb-Zn deposit
表 1 不同类型岩、矿石透明矿物中流体包裹体测温结果
Table 1. The microthermometric results of fluid inclusions in quartz of different metallogenic stages
矿化阶段 包裹体类型(数量) 大小(μm) 气液比(%) 子矿物比例(%) 冰点温度(℃) 均一温度(℃) 子矿物熔化温度(℃) 盐度(%NaCl equiv.) 密度(g·cm-3) Ⅰ SL(7) 9~15 20~30 15~25 384~403 251~315 35.0~39.0 1.09~1.10 LV(13) 7~20 55~90 -2.9~-4.6 354~414 5.3~7.3 0.50~0.71 VL(27) 5~25 20~45 -5.4~-8.9 329~421 8.0~12.7 0.63~0.79 Ⅱ LV(4) 8~10 55~75 -3.2~-6.9 308~439 5.2~10.4 0.77~0.85 VL(36) 6~20 20~45 -6.2~-10.9 284~365 9.5~14.9 0.80~1.05 Ⅲ VL(30) 5~28 10~40 -6.5~-8.8 178~266 9.5~12.6 0.86~0.98 Ⅳ VL(15) 8~15 20~40 -2.9~-4.1 286~355 4.7~6.5 0.66~0.80 Ⅴ VL(30) 5~25 10~40 -1.2~-4.2 145~265 2.0~6.7 0.84~0.94 Ⅵ VL(6) 5~10 5~10 -0.7~-1.7 112~162 1.2~2.8 0.93~0.96 
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表 2 研究区流体包裹体碳、氢、氧同位素分析结果
Table 2. The analysized results of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of fluid inclusions
成矿阶段 δ18Oq-SMOW(‰) δDH2O-SMOW(‰) δ13Cv-PDB(‰) 均一温度(℃) δ18OH2O-SMOW(‰) Ⅱ 5.7 -127.3 -5.0 400 2.45 5.9 -130.5 -5.8 400 2.65 Ⅳ -2.0 -125.5 -9.7 300 -7.58 4.1 -132.2 -5.8 300 -1.48 Ⅴ 0.5 -136.0 -7.2 200 -9.04 -4.8 -144.1 -10.2 200 -14.34
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表 3 红岭铅锌矿床硫同位素特征
Table 3. Sulfur isotope distribution of Hongling Pb-Zn deposit
样品号 测试内容 分析结果δ34SCDT(‰) HL-1 黄铜矿 -1.1 HL-2 黄铜矿 -1.2 HL-3 黄铜矿 -1.6 HL-4 闪锌矿 -0.9 HL-5 闪锌矿 -1.4 HL-6 闪锌矿 -1.6 HL-7 方铅矿 -2.0 HL-8 方铅矿 -2.7 HL-9 方铅矿 -2.3
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