Internal Architecture and Depositional Model of Reef-Bank System since Pliocene in Well Xike-1, the South China Sea
-
摘要: 通过对西科1井薄片进行鉴定, 对上新世以来莺歌海组和乐东组礁滩沉积体系的古生物种类、岩石微相类型及成因相类型进行了系统剖析.研究表明: 乐东组造礁生物以珊瑚和红藻为主, 莺歌海组以红藻为主.附礁生物主要包括有孔虫、棘皮类和绿藻, 其中有孔虫为最重要的附礁生物, 绿藻只在乐东组的个别层段极发育.根据生物种类及含量、泥晶、亮晶及粒间孔含量的大小关系, 识别出10种岩石微相.在此基础上, 将礁滩体系划分为生物礁、生屑滩和泻湖3种成因相组合.生物礁包括礁基、礁核和礁盖3种成因相, 其中礁盖可见显著的溶蚀现象, 形成粒内溶孔、铸模孔等次生孔隙.在研究井段仅发育礁后滩, 靠近礁核的礁后内侧滩生屑及粒间孔含量高, 而泥晶少; 靠近泻湖的礁后外侧滩则情况相反.泻湖主要沉积大量灰泥, 生屑含量少.礁滩体系仅在海侵体系域和高位体系域发育, 各成因相之间具有相对固定的成因相垂向叠置关系.海侵体系域主要发育退积型成因相组合序列, 准层序以代表海泛面的泥晶含量较高的成因相结束; 高位体系域主要发育进积型成因相组合序列, 多以对应暴露面的礁盖结束.Abstract: The fossil species, lithofacies types and genetic facies types of the reef-bank depositional system of Yinggehai Formation and Ledong Formation since the Pliocene have been systematically analyzed through the observation of microscopic thin slice of well Xike-1 in Xisha Islands. The results show that coral and red algae are the main reef-building organisms in the Ledong Formation, while red algae is the dominant reef-forming organism in the Yinggehai Formation. Reef-dwelling organisms in the Yinggehai and Ledong formations include primarily foraminifer, echinoderm and green algae, of which foraminifer is the most important, and green algae only develops prosperously at intervals. Ten lithofacies types have been identified according to the fossil species and their contents, and content relationship of micrite, calcsparite and intergranular pore. On this basis, reef-bank system could be divided into three genetic facies groups including reef, biodetritus beach and lagoon. Reef includes three genetic facies types, namely, reef base, reef core and reef cap, among which significant exposures can be observed at reef cap, leading to the formation of secondary pores, such as intragranular dissolved pore, moldic pore, etc.. The backreef bank only develops in well Xike-1, in which there are more content of bioclast and intergranular pore, and minor micrite in the backreef inner bank close to reef core, whereas the opposite is observed in backreef outer bank near the lagoon. Large amounts of micrite limestones with little bioclast are mainly deposited in lagoon environment. Reef-bank system only develops in transgressive system tract and highstand system tract, in which genetic facies have relatively stable vertical stack relationships. The transgressive system tract commonly forms the retrogradational genetic facies group series in which parasequence ends with genetic facies having more micrite representing the flooding surface, but highstand system tract mainly develops the progradational genetic facies group series whose parasequence ends with reef cap corresponding to exposed surface.
-
Key words:
- the South China Sea /
- well Xike-1 /
- reef-bank system /
- internal architecture /
- sedimentary model /
- sedimentology
-
图 1 西科1井上新世以来碳酸盐岩层序和沉积分析(电阻率为第二孔电阻率)
Fig. 1. Carbonatite sequence and sedimentary of well Xike-1 since the Pliocene
图 2 西科1井上新世以来古生物类型
a.为珊瑚骨架，蓝色部位为孔隙(下同)，珊瑚格架孔部分未充填，部分被亮晶方解石充填，注意显红色是因为方解石被茜素红染色(下同)(第四系乐东组Sq2，48.12 m)；b.显示两类红藻共生，注意红藻将泥晶或生屑裹夹或粘结其内(新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，220.37 m)；c.主要显示底栖有孔虫及其碎片和浮游有孔虫，浮游有孔虫大小相对稳定(新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，237.45 m)；d.为棘皮类及其碎片，发育等厚环边胶结物(第四系乐东组Sq3，209.83 m)；e.为节片状仙掌藻，可见圆形或椭圆形的髓部切面(第四系乐东组Sq1，25.51 m)；f.为腕足碎片，注意碎片上部波浪形态及下部表面平行纹理与壳壁呈小角度斜交的典型鉴定特征(第四系乐东组Sq2，60.97 m)；g.为腹足，横切面中部弧形水滴状凸起是其典型鉴定特征(第四系乐东组Sq1，27.54 m)；h.显示常见生物碎屑的混杂堆积，包括红藻、底栖有孔虫、浮游有孔虫和棘皮类(新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，256.95 m).所有照片均为单偏光
Fig. 2. The Paleontological species of well Xike-1 Since the Pliocene
图 3 西科1井上新世以来古生物垂向分布特征
Fig. 3. The vertical distribution of reef fossils in well Xike-1 since the Pliocene
图 4 礁灰岩类型及特征
a.为珊瑚骨架礁灰岩，珊瑚起骨架作用，有些珊瑚格壁在溶蚀作用下断开，具泥晶化趋势(第四系乐东组Sq2，57.17 m)；b.为红藻粘结礁灰岩，一方面红藻之间相互粘结，另一方面红藻粘结泥晶或生屑(新近系莺歌海组一段Sq5，285.97 m)；c.为红藻珊瑚骨架礁灰岩，珊瑚起骨架作用，红藻包裹粘结珊瑚增加了礁核的抗浪性，珊瑚和红藻接触面呈不规则的形态(第四系乐东组Sq2，61.64 m)；d.为悬粒灰岩，大于2 mm的红藻碎片含量明显大于10%(新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，236.40 m).所有照片均为单偏光
Fig. 4. Reef limestone types and their features
图 5 粒屑灰岩类型及特征
图a与图b均为亮晶生屑灰岩，不同的是图a未遭受溶蚀作用，而图b发育较多的粒内溶孔和铸模孔，并且生屑具泥晶化趋势，如部分有孔虫壳壁(白色箭头所指)，属礁盖成因相；图c为泥晶生屑灰岩，注意该层段有孔虫含量极丰富，尤其是浮游有孔虫；图d与图e均为生屑泥晶灰岩，同为泥晶支撑，不同的是图d无溶蚀作用，仅见少量孔洞、体腔孔等孔隙，而图e发育较多的铸模孔、粒内溶孔，另外泥晶中见许多微小溶蚀孔，属礁盖成因相；图f内碎屑生屑泥晶灰岩，泥晶支撑，内碎屑由有孔虫、珊瑚碎片和泥晶构成；图g为内碎屑泥晶灰岩，泥晶支撑，内碎屑由红藻碎片、珊瑚碎片、有孔虫及碎片、泥晶和亮晶构成；图h为泥晶灰岩，含大量灰泥，泥晶支撑.所有照片均为单偏光.a.新近系莺歌海组一段Sq5，273.70 m；b.第四系乐东组Sq2，57.47 m；c.新近系莺歌海组一段Sq5，280.54 m；d.新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，252.23 m；e.第四系乐东组Sq2，53.64 m；f.第四系乐东组Sq2，52.79 m；g.第四系乐东组Sq3，128.18 m；h.新近系莺歌海组一段Sq4，218.36 m
Fig. 5. The grained carbonate rock types and their features
图 6 进积型成因相组合序列的两种情况(a)表示海平面下降速度较慢，(b)表示海平面下降速度较快
Fig. 6. Two situations of the progradational generic facies group series (a) representing sea level drops slowly, (b) representing sea level drops quickly
图 7 退积型成因相组合序列的两种情况(a)表示海平面上升速度较慢，(b)表示海平面上升速度较快
Fig. 7. Two situations of the retrogradational generic facies group series (a) representing sea level rises slowly, (b) representing sea level rises quickly
-
[1] Alsharhan, A.S., 1987. Geology and Reservoir Characteristics of Carbonate Buildup in Giant Bu-Hasa Oil Field, Abu-Dhabi, United-Arab-Emirates. AAPG Bulletin, 71(10): 1304-1318. http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/71/10/1304 [2] Belopolsky, A., Droxler, A., 2003. Imaging Tertiary Carbonate System—The Maldives, Indian Ocean: Insights into Carbonate Sequence Interpretation. The Leading Edge, 22(7): 646-652. doi: 10.1190/1.1599690 [3] Eberhard, G.J., Harold, H., Andrzej, P., 2008. Late Quaternary Reef Growth and Sea Level in the Maldives (Indian Ocean). Marine Geology, 250(1-2): 104-113. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.01.004 [4] Eberli, G.P., Ginsburg, R.N., 1987. Segmentation and Coalescence of Cenozoic Carbonate Platforms, Northwestern Great Bahama Bank. Geology, 15(1): 75-79. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<75:SACOCC>2.0.CO;2 [5] Fournier, F., Borgomano, J., 2007. Geological Significance of Seismic Reflections and Imaging of the Reservoir Architecture in the Malampaya Gas Field (Philippines). AAPG Bulletin, 91(2): 235-258. doi: 10.1306/10160606043 [6] Fournier, F., Borgomano, J., Montaggioni, L.F., 2005. Development Patterns and Controlling Factors of Tertiary Carbonate Buildups: Insights from High-Resolution 3D Seismic and Well Data in the Malampaya Gas Field (Offshore Palawan, Philippines). Sedimentary Geology, 175(1-4): 189-215. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.01.009 [7] Fournier, F., Montaggioni, L., Borgomano, J., 2004. Paleoenvironments and High-Frequency Cyclicity from Cenozoic South-East Asian Shallow-Water Carbonates: A Case Study from the Oligo-Miocene Buildups of Malampaya (Offshore Palawan, Philippines). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(1): 1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.11.012 [8] Fulthorpe, C.S., Schlanger, S.O., 1989. Paleo-oceanographic and Tectonic Settings of Early Miocene Reefs and Associated Carbonates of Offshore Southeast Asia. AAPG Bulletin, S73(6): 729-756. http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/73/6/729 [9] Grammer, G.M., Ginsburg, R.N., 1992. Highstand versus Lowstand Deposition on Carbonate Platform Margins: Insight from Quaternary Foreslopes in the Bahamas. Marine Geology, 103(1-3): 125-136. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90012-7 [10] Han, C.R., Meng, X.Y., 1990. Foraminiferal Fauna Distribution in Reef-Facies Beds since Late Miocene in Xisha Islands and Its Significance. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 10(2): 65-81 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ199002007.htm [11] He, Q.X., Zhang, M.S., 1990. Origin of Neogene Dolomites in Xisha Islands and Their Significance. Marine Geology & Quateranry Geology, 10(2): 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ199002004.htm [12] Jia, X.L., He, D.F., Tong, X.G., et al., 2011. Distribution of Global Giant Oil and Gas Fields. China Petroleum Exploration, 16(3): 1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KTSY201103003.htm [13] Kench, P.S., McLean, R.F., Nichol, S.L., 2005. New Model of Reef-Island Evolution: Maldives, Indian Ocean. Geology, 33(2): 145-148. doi: 10.1130/G21066.1 [14] Lei, C., Ren, J.Y., Pei, J.X., et al., 2011. Tectonic Framework and Multiple Episode Tectonic Evolution in Deepwater Area of Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern Continental Margin of South China Sea. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 36(1): 151-162 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX201101017.htm [15] Li, Y.H., Huang, X.P., Yue, W.Z., et al., 2004. Ecological Study on Coral Reef and Intertidal Benthos around Yongxing Island, South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 35(2): 176-182(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_oceanologia-limnologia-sinica_thesis/0201253922220.html [16] Lü, B.Q., Xu, G.Q., Wang, H.G., et al., 2002. Sea Floor Spreading Recorded by Drowning Events of Cenozoic Carbonate Platforms in the South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geology, 37(4): 405-414(in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dzkx200204003 [17] Meng, X.Y., 1989. Biostratigraphical Boundaries and Environmental Changes of Xisha Islands since Late Miocene Shown by Foraminiferal Fauna. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 6(4): 345-356 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/291801125_Biostratigraphical_boundaries_and_environmental_changes_of_Xisha_Islands_since_late_Miocene_shown_by_foraminiferal_fauna [18] Sam, P., Jeremy, K., Alexandra, D., et al., 2014. Large-Scale Carbonate Platform Development of Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas, and Implications for Associated Reef Geomorphology. Geomorphology, 222: 25-38. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.03.004 [19] Sattler, U., Immenhauser, A., Schlager, W., et al., 2009. Drowning History of a Miocene Carbonate Platform (Zhujiang Formation, South China Sea). Sedimentary Geology, 219(1-4): 318-331. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.06.001 [20] Sun, S.Q., Esteban, M., 1994. Paleoclimatic Controls on Sedimentation, Diagenesis, and Reservoir Quality: Lessons from Miocene Carbonates. AAPG Bulletin, 78(4): 519-543. http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/78/4/519 [21] Wang, G.Z., 2001. Sedimentology in Coral Reef Area of South China Sea. China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [22] Wei, P.S., Liu, Q.X., Zhang, J.L., et al., 2006. Re-discussion of Relationship between Reef and Giant Oil-Gas Fields. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 27(2): 38-42 (in Chinese with English abstract). [23] Wei, X., Jia, C.Z., Meng, W.G., 2008a. Dolomitization Characteristics of Carbonate Rock in Xisha Islands and Its Formation: A Case Study of Well Xichen-1. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 38(2): 217-224 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ200802007.htm [24] Wei, X., Jia, C.Z., Meng, W.G., et al., 2008b. Biogenetic Reefs and Its Petrological Characteristics of Well Xichen 1, Xisha Sea Area, China. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(11): 1933-1938(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200811027.htm [25] Wei, X., Jia, C.Z., Meng, W.G., et al., 2008c. Discussion on Biogenetic Reef Distribution and Hydrocarbon Exploration Direction in Xisha Sea Area since Neogene. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 43(3): 308-312 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/298685109_Discussion_on_biogenetic_reef_distribution_and_hydrocarbon_exploration_direction_in_Xisha_sea_area_since_Neogene [26] Xu, H., Cai, F., Wang, Y.J., et al., 1999. The Reef Evolvement and Reef-Building Processes of Alga in Xisha Sea Area at Miocene. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44(13): 1435-1439(in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb1999-44-13-1435 [27] Yu, K.F., Song, C.J., Zhao, H.T., 1995. The Characters of Geomorphology and Modern Sediments of Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands. Tropic Oceanology, 14(2): 24-31(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RDHY502.003.htm [28] Zampetti, V., Schlager, W., Van Konijnenburg, J.H., et al., 2004. Architecture and Growth History of a Miocene Carbonate Platform from 3D Seismic Reflection Data, Luconia Province, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(5): 517-534. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.01.006 [29] Zhang, M.S., 1991. Quaternary Events in Xisha Coral Reef Region. Quaternary Sciences, 11(2): 165-177 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/EN/abstract/abstract10070.shtml [30] Zhang, M.S., Liu, J., Zhou, M.Q., 1994. The Magnetisability Research of Reef Sequence with Well Xiyong 1. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39(4): 340-343 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb1994-39-4-340 [31] Zhao, Q., 2010. The Sedimentary Research about Reef Cabonatite in Xisha Islands Waters(Dissertation). Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao(in Chinese with English abstract). [32] Zhong, G.J., Feng, C.M., Wei, Z.Q., 2012. The Structural Features of Xisha Trough Basin. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 32(3): 63-68(in Chinese with English abstract). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MGQG...32...63Z [33] 韩春瑞, 孟祥营, 1990. 西沙晚中新世以来礁相地层中有孔虫动物群的分布及其意义. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 10(2): 65-81. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ199002007.htm [34] 何起祥, 张明书, 1990. 西沙群岛新第三纪白云岩的成因与意义. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 10(2): 45-55. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ199002004.htm [35] 贾小乐, 何登发, 童晓光, 等, 2011. 全球大油气田分布特征. 中国石油勘探, 16(3): 1-7, 6. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2011.03.001 [36] 雷超, 任建业, 裴健翔, 等, 2011. 琼东南盆地深水区构造格局和幕式演化过程. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 36(1): 151-162. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX201101017.htm [37] 李颖虹, 黄小平, 岳维忠, 等, 2004. 西沙永兴岛珊瑚礁与礁坪生物生态学研究. 海洋与湖沼, 35(2): 176-182. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0029-814X.2004.02.011 [38] 吕炳全, 徐国强, 王红罡, 等, 2002. 南海新生代碳酸盐台地淹没事件记录的海底扩张. 地质科学, 37(4): 405-414. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX200204002.htm [39] 孟祥营, 1989. 西沙群岛晚中新世以来有孔虫生物地层界限及古环境变化. 微体古生物学报, 6(4): 345-356. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSGT198904004.htm [40] 王国忠, 2001. 南海珊瑚礁区沉积学. 北京: 海洋出版社. [41] 卫平生, 刘全新, 张景廉, 等, 2006. 再论生物礁与大油气田的关系. 石油学报, 27(2): 38-42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB200602007.htm [42] 魏喜, 贾承造, 孟卫工, 2008a. 西沙群岛西琛1井碳酸盐岩白云石化特征及成因机制. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 38(2): 217-224. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ200802007.htm [43] 魏喜, 贾承造, 孟卫工, 等, 2008b. 南海西沙海域西琛1井生物礁的性质及岩石学特征. 地质通报, 27(11): 1933-1938. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200811027.htm [44] 魏喜, 贾承造, 孟卫工, 等, 2008c. 西沙海域新近纪以来生物礁分布规律及油气勘探方向探讨. 石油地球物理勘探, 43(3): 308-312. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYDQ200803015.htm [45] 许红, 蔡峰, 王玉净, 等, 1999. 西沙中新世生物礁演化与藻类的造礁作用. 科学通报, 44(13): 1435-1439. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1999.13.017 [46] 余克服, 宋朝景, 赵焕庭, 1995. 西沙群岛永兴岛地貌与现代沉积特征. 热带海洋, 14(2): 24-31. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDHY502.003.htm [47] 张明书, 1991. 西沙珊瑚礁区的第四纪事件. 第四纪研究, 11(2): 165-177. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.1991.02.009 [48] 张明书, 刘健, 周墨清, 1994. 西永-井礁序列的磁化率研究. 科学通报, 39(4): 340-343. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB199404016.htm [49] 赵强, 2010. 西沙群岛海域生物礁碳酸盐岩沉积学研究(博士学位论文). 青岛: 中国科学院海洋研究所. [50] 钟广见, 冯常茂, 韦振权, 2012. 南海西沙海槽盆地地质构造特征. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 32(3): 63-68. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ201203012.htm -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(8)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3203
- HTML全文浏览量: 161
- PDF下载量: 444
- 被引次数: 0
