Thermal Regime at Bottom of Thermokarst Lakes along Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor
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摘要: 热融湖塘对寒区环境可产生较大影响, 其侧向热侵蚀会诱发冻土工程病害.选取青藏工程走廊热融湖塘分布密集的楚玛尔河、五道梁、北麓河3个亚区, 于2009—2010年通过HOBO水位传感器对4个固定湖塘的连续监测和大量湖塘的随机观测, 探讨了不同季节、不同水深湖底的热状态.在结冰期的1月中旬, 楚玛尔河90%以上的湖塘湖底温度都在0 ℃以下, 主要与湖塘较浅和湖水高矿化度有关.五道梁和北麓河湖底温度相对较高, 只有约20%的湖底温度低于0 ℃, 这些湖水深小于最大冻结冰层厚度; 最高温度高于4 ℃, 主要与湖较深有关.但3个亚区湖底温度均随着水深增加而增加.在6~9月融冰期, 湖底温度普遍增加, 最高达到18 ℃以上, 浅湖增温快于深湖, 湖底温度随着水深增加而递减.湖底温度年际变化近似为正弦曲线, 在1~2月, 湖底温度最低, 之后逐渐升高, 到7~8月, 湖底温度达到最高.Abstract: Thermokarst lakes have greatly influenced landscapes in cold regions, and the thermal erosion of their lakeshores may induce ground instability that affects infrastructure. Our study area includes three sub-regions where thermokarst lakes have obviously extended: the Chumaerhe high plateau, Wudaoliang basin, and Beiluhe basin. Based on continual monitoring of four lakes, and sporadic observation of lake-bottom temperatures of many lakes using HOBO Sensors in 2009—2010, the thermal regime of lake bottoms and the relation between lake-bottom temperature and water depth are examined. The results show that in January, when ice cover was present, the lake-bottom temperatures at 90% of the lakes in Chumarhe high plateau were below 0 ℃, which is likely because of shallow depths and high salinity of lakes in the region. However, the lake-bottom temperature of most lakes in Wudaoliang and Beiluhe basins were above 0 ℃, except in some lakes shallower than the maximum ice thickness. In general, lake-bottom temperature in the three sub-regions increased with water depth during this period. When lakes were free of ice between June and October, the lake-bottom temperatures in the three sub-regions were all warm and the highest temperature was near 18 ℃. The seasonal increase in lake-bottom temperature in summer is more rapid in shallower lakes, and the temperatures were inversely related to water depth. The annual variation in lake-bottom temperature approximates a sinusoidal curve, with the coldest temperature occurring in January to February and the warmest in July to August.
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Key words:
- thermokarst lake /
- lake bottom /
- thermal regime /
- frozen soil /
- Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor
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图 1 研究区位置及热融湖塘分布
Fig. 1. Location of the study area and the distribution of thermokarst lakes
图 2 3个研究亚区湖底温度与1月份水深拟合关系
Fig. 2. Relationship between the basal temperature of thermokarst lakes and the January lake water depth at three sub-regions along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor
图 3 3个研究亚区湖底温度与9月份水深拟合关系
Fig. 3. Relationship between the basal temperature of thermokarst lakes and the September lake water depth at three sub-regions along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor
图 4 两个研究亚区湖底温度年际变化特征
Fig. 4. Variations of temperatures at lake-bottom at two sub-regions along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor
图 5 在1个冻融周期内湖水、湖底与下部土层之间温度变化曲线
Fig. 5. Variations of temperatures of water, lake-bottom, and sediment in 10 m depth during a freeze-thaw cycle
表 1 2009—2010年热融湖塘湖底温度调查结果
Table 1. Temperatures at the lake-bottom in study regions in 2009-2010
研究区 水深(cm) 湖底温度(℃) 2010年1月 2010年6月 2009年7月 2010年9月 2010年10月 楚玛尔河高平原 ＜20 14.0 11.6 20~30 -12.4 15.1 11.6 30~40 -12.2 10.8 40~50 -8.5 18.1 11.2 11.9 50~60 -8.5 17.9 10.8 11.2 4.9 60~70 -4.4 18.5 11.0 5.3 70~80 -3.4 11.3 80~90 -3.5 9.6 11.8 90~100 0.4 18.6 11.7 100~110 5.0 110~120 17.9 11.2 120~130 -1.9 17.6 9.2 130~140 -0.3 140~150 -1.7 15.9 8.7 6.8 ＞150 -1.7 14.7 4.9 五道梁盆地 40~50 5.1 50~60 -4.8 5.6 60~70 13.9 70~80 13.1 4.4 80~90 0.5 9.8 4.1 90~100 7.2 12.0 100~110 1.4 7.7 14.9 12.6 4.8 110~120 1.9 7.4 13.5 120~130 2.6 11.4 4.0 130~140 12.8 4.1 140~150 3.4 7.0 4.6 150~160 12.0 4.5 160~170 7.1 10.9 4.5 170~180 7.1 12.1 180~190 2.1 5.2 190~200 3.9 12.8 200~220 3.8 11.0 4.7 ＞250 4.5 11.2 北麓河盆地 ＜30 13.1 30~40 12.8 12.8 40~50 -10.6 11.3 7.5 50~60 12.1 60~70 10.7 70~80 10.7 6.8 80~90 0.1 10.5 13.0 90~100 0.7 11.3 13.4 13.0 100~110 8.4 13.4 7.0 110~120 9.0 6.7 120~130 3.9 12.9 130~140 4.1 8.2 13.2 140~150 0.2 7.6 13.1 11.6 6.6 150~160 11.8 6.4 160~170 7.8 10.9 6.5 170~180 4.3 11.9 6.8 180~190 190~200 3.5 9.5 11.0 ＞200 4.3 
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表 2 4个湖塘相关参数
Table 2. Parameters of four lakes at two sub-regions
亚区 湖塘类型 深度h(cm) 湖底年平均温度T0(℃) 湖底温度年振幅A(℃) 五道梁盆地 深湖 227 5.9 10 浅湖 108 3.8 14 北麓河盆地 深湖 231 5.5 7 浅湖 68 2.5 29
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表 3 4个湖塘湖底温度最高最低值出现情况
Table 3. Max and min temperatures at lake-bottom of four lakes and the date of occurrence
亚区 湖塘类型 深度h(cm) 最低温度 最高温度 出现日期 温度(℃) 出现日期 温度(℃) 五道梁盆地 深湖 227 1月26日 2.1 8月26日 11.8 浅湖 108 2月21日 -1.7 7月29日 13.0 北麓河盆地 深湖 231 2月18日 3.0 7月27日 10.6 浅湖 68 1月20日 -14.0 8月7日 15.0
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