Groundwater Dynamic Evolutions and Relationship between Groundwater Level and Land Subsidence in the Yellow River Delta
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摘要: 为了分析黄河三角洲地下水动态及其与地面沉降的关系, 利用多年地下水和地面沉降监测数据, 发现黄河三角洲广饶县和东营区的地下水动态变化剧烈且地面沉降严重, 含水层多处于超采状态, 浅、深层地下水降落漏斗先后出现.深层地下水降落漏斗中心水位下降速度达2~3m/a.近年来, 东营和广饶地面沉降漏斗中心沉降量和速率分别为155.1mm、28.2mm/a和356.0mm、64.7mm/a.借助GIS技术及数理统计法, 发现深层地下水降落漏斗与沉降漏斗空间耦合良好, 深层地下水位与地面高程呈线性正相关, 相关系数为0.92, 深层地下水过度开采已成为影响沉降的最根本因素.井灌区第三粘性压缩层成为地面沉降主要贡献层, 且深层地下水降落漏斗中心的地下水位已低于第三承压含水层临界水位, 沉降趋于严重.Abstract: To analyze the groundwater dynamic and the relationship between groundwater level and land subsidence in the Yellow River Delta, drastic groundwater level depression and serious land subsidence have been researched by monitoring data of groundwater level and land subsidence for years. Persistent groundwater overexploitation has resulted in groundwater depression cones in both shallow and deep aquifers successively. The deep groundwater level decline rate of cone centers is 2 to 3m/a. In recent years, Dongying and Guangrao exhibit a typical subsidence area with cumulative settlement and subsidence rates of 155.1mm, 28.2mm/a and 356.0mm, 64.7mm/a, respectively. Using GIS and mathematical statistics, it is found that configuration of the subsidence cone is basically identical to the shape of the deep groundwater depression cone, and there exists a significant linear positive correlation between deep groundwater level and elevation in deep groundwater depression cone, with the correlation coefficient of 0.92. The deep groundwater overexploitation has been the most essential factor to land subsidence. The third compressed layer has become the main contribution layer of land subsidence in well-irrigated area. Because water level at centers of deep groundwater depression cone has fallen below critical water level of the third confined aquifer, land subsidence is becoming more and more serious.
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图 1 黄河三角洲地形和水文地质分区
Fig. 1. Topographic map and hydrogeology partition of the Yellow River Delta
图 2 黄河三角洲不同区域降水量动态变化
a.年际降水量变化；b.月均降水量变化
Fig. 2. Trends of precipitation in different district of the Yellow River Delta
图 3 黄河三角洲典型地区浅、深层地下水开采量及开采程度
a.利津县浅层地下水；b东营区深层地下水；c.广饶县浅、深层地下水
Fig. 3. The extraction volumes and exploitation degree of both shallow and deep groundwater in the typical areas of the Yellow River Delta
图 4 黄泛区浅层地下水位动态及2006—2010年利津县盐窝镇北坝村地下水位监测曲线
a.黄泛区2010年内浅层地下水位动态；b.黄泛区2000—2010年际浅层地下水动态；c.2006—2010年利津县盐窝镇北坝村地下水位监测曲线
Fig. 4. The dynamic of shallow groundwater in a year (a) and in different areas (b) of the Yellow River flooding area, the shallow groundwater level monitoring curve in Beiba Village, Yanwo Town, Lijin County between 2006 and 2010 (c)
图 5 山前平原区浅层地下水位动态及2006—2010年广饶县大王镇陈官村地下水位监测曲线
a.山前平原区浅层地下水位动态；b.广饶县大王镇浅层地下水位年内动态
Fig. 5. The dynamics of shallow groundwater level in piedmont plain (a) and the shallow groundwater level monitoring curve in Chenguan Village, Dawang Town, Guangrao County between 2006 and 2010 (b)
图 6 广饶县井灌区浅层地下水降落漏斗演变分布与水位动态
a.广饶县井灌区浅层水降落漏斗面积变化；b.广饶县井灌区浅层地下水降落漏斗中心水位动态
Fig. 6. The evolution of shallow groundwater depression cones in the well irrigation area of Guangrao County (a) and the distribution of shallow groundwater depression cones and water level dynamics in the cone centers (b)
图 7 黄河三角洲南部深层地下水降落漏斗中心深层地下水位动态及2006—2010年稻庄镇深层地下水位监测曲线
Fig. 7. The dynamics of deep groundwater level in cone centers in south of the Yellow River Delta (a) and the deep groundwater level monitoring curve in Daozhuang Town of Guangrao County between 2006 and 2010 (b)
图 9 黄河三角洲南部深层地下水动态与沉降空间分析
Fig. 9. Spatial analysis of deep groundwater depression cones and land subsidence in south of the Yellow River Delta
图 8 黄河三角洲典型沉降区沉降速率(a)及动态演化(b)
Fig. 8. The subsidence rate (a) and dynamic evolution (b) of the typical subsidence area in the Yellow River Delta
表 1 地下水开采程度评价标准
Table 1. The evaluation standard of exploitation degree of groundwater
P值 ＜80% 80%~120% 120%~150% ＞150% 开采程度 有潜力 基本平衡 超采 严重超采 
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