Dynamic Process of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Low-Exploration Basins: A Case Study of Xihu Depression
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摘要: 基于地质类比方法，综合运用地质、地球物理、地球化学等资料及盆地模拟技术恢复了西湖凹陷中部地区油气成藏动力学过程.结果表明：研究区内沉积充填和构造沉降具有幕式演化特征，并以始新世地层沉积厚度最大、沉积-沉降速率最高；烃源岩有机质热演化具有成熟时间短、生油窗窄、生气窗宽的特点；主力烃源岩平湖组进入成熟生烃门限的时间早，生排烃能力强，且生排烃过程发生在晚渐新世至早-中中新世期间；研究区油气运移和油气聚集主要受控于古构造面，保俶斜坡带和天屏断裂陡坡带以平行流为主，中央背斜带以汇聚流为主，存在多个有利油气聚集区，油气聚集作用主要发生在龙井运动(7 Ma)以来.Abstract: This paper re-constructs and analyzes dynamic process of hydrocarbon accumulation in the central part of Xihu depression by using the geological data, geophysical and geochemical techniques of basin modeling in accordance with geological comparison principles. It is found that the depositional filling and tectonic subsidence experienced episodic evolution in study area with its sedimentation thickness and subsidence rate reaching the biggest value in Eocene. The organic matter evolution of source rock is characterized by short maturation, narrow zone of oil generation and broad zone of gas generation. The main source rock of Pinghu Formation reached oil threshold earlier with strong hydrocarbon generation-expulsion capacity, and the generation-expulsion process occurred in early Late Oligocene and Early-Miocene to Mid-Miocene. The petroleum migration and accumulation are controlled by the paleo-structure surface, and the confluence flowing mainly occurs in the Baochu gentle slope zone and Tianping fault steep slope zone while the planar flowing occurs in the central anticline belt. There are several favorable zones of petroleum accumulation in the study area, and the major accumulation of oil and gas occurred over the Longjing movement (7 Ma).
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图 1 西湖凹陷构造单元及油气田分布
Fig. 1. The distribution of tectonic units and oil & gas fields in Xihu depression
图 2 西湖凹陷平湖组(a)和花港组(b)平面沉积相展布
Fig. 2. Sedimentary facies distribution map of Pinghu Formation (a) and Huagang Formation (b) in Xihu depression
图 3 研究区古水深(a)和古热流(b)变化曲线
Fig. 3. The variation curves of palaeo-water depth (a) and palaeo-heat flow (b) in study area
图 4 西湖凹陷实测地层温度与深度关系
Fig. 4. Plot of measured temperatures versus depth in Xihu depression
图 5 西湖凹陷Xh12井模拟温度和成熟度与实测值对比
Fig. 5. Correlation between modelling temperatures, maturity and measured data for Wells Xh12 in the Xihu depression
图 6 西湖凹陷中部地区沉积速率和构造沉降速率
Fig. 6. Sedimentation rate and tectonic subsidence rate in the central part of Xihu depression
图 7 西湖凹陷中部地区地层埋藏史及热成熟史
Fig. 7. Burial and thermal maturation histories in the central part of Xihu depression
图 8 西湖凹陷中部地区主要烃源岩生烃史
Fig. 8. Hydrocarbon generation history for main source rock in the central part of Xihu depression
图 9 西湖凹陷中部地区E2p→E3h生储系统油气运移路径
Fig. 9. The petroleum migration pathways of E2p→E3h system in the central part of Xihu depression
表 1 西湖凹陷地震相特征及发育情况
Table 1. The characteristics and development of seismic facies in Xihu depression
地震相 地震亚相 沉积相 空间分布 前积结构 前积、强-中-中弱振幅、低-中频、较连续-连续反射 扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、三角洲前缘 保俶斜坡带和天屏断裂带，N1ll、N1y、N1lj、E3h、E2p层位 平行亚平行结构 平行亚平行、强-中强振幅、低频、连续反射 滨浅湖-半深湖相 中央背斜带，E3h层位 平行亚平行、强-中振幅、低-中频，较连续-连续反射 潮间-潮下带、浅湖-半深湖、河流-平原相 三潭深凹、中央背斜带、白堤深凹，E3h、E2p层位 平行亚平行、中强-中振幅、中-高频、较连续-连续反射 海湾相 中央背斜带，E2p层位 平行亚平行、中强-中振幅、中频，断续-较连续-连续反射 潮间带、滨浅湖、河流-平原相 三潭深凹，E3h、E2p层位 平行亚平行、中强-中振幅、高-中频、断续-较连续-连续反射 滨浅湖、河流-平原相 区域性见于N1ll、N1y、N1lj、E3h层位 平行亚平行、中强-中-中弱振幅、中-高频、断续-较连续-连续反射 河流-平原相 保俶斜坡带和天屏断裂带，N1ll、N1y、N1lj、E3h、E2p层位 平行亚平行、强-中振幅、断续-较连续反射 河流-平原相 保俶斜坡带和天屏断裂带，N1ll、N1y、N1lj、E3h、E2p层位 平行亚平行、中-中弱振幅、中-低频、断续-较连续反射 河流-平原相 保俶斜坡带和天屏断裂带，N1ll、N1y、N1lj、E3h、E2p层位 丘状结构 丘状、中强-中弱振幅、中频、断续-较连续反射 三角洲沉积 保俶斜坡带，E3h、E2p层位 透镜状结构 透镜状、中-弱振幅、中-低频、断续发射 河道充填沉积 保俶斜坡带，E3h层位 
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表 2 研究区周边单井不同层位不同相带的岩性、烃源岩属性统计
Table 2. The lithologic and hydrocarbon source rocks statistics table of different layers and phase belts of a single well arround the study area
地层 单井相 岩性 烃源岩属性 泥岩含量(%) 粉砂含量(%) 砂岩含量(%) 煤层(%) 岩性参考单井 TOC(%)平均值 HI(mg/g)平均值 干酪根类型 Qd 浅海相 53.0 38.1 8.9 / Xh14 0.30 33 Ⅲ 浅海相 34.1 60.8 5.1 / Xh4 0.27 30 Ⅲ N2s 滨浅海 42.3 41.2 15.9 0.6 Xh14 0.52 55 Ⅲ 滨浅海 37.5 36.6 25.6 0.3 Xh4 0.47 49 Ⅲ N1ll 河流相 55.0 34.0 11.0 / Xh4 0.22 53 Ⅲ 滨浅湖 79.5 8.1 9.9 2.5 Xh14 0.46 61 Ⅲ N1y 河流相 48.2 38.2 12.9 0.8 Xh4 0.42 78 Ⅲ 滨浅湖 70.5 10.9 14.7 3.8 Xh14 0.85 110 Ⅲ N1lj 河流相 21.2 44.9 33.9 / Xh3 0.43 88 Ⅲ 三角洲前缘 56.7 29.8 13.5 / Xh14 0.75 143 Ⅲ E3h2 三角洲前缘 77.0 19.9 3.1 / Xh3 0.57 123 Ⅲ 滨浅湖 49.2 26.7 23.2 0.9 Xh12 0.66 179 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 E3h1 河流平原相 25.9 44.8 29.3 / Xh3 0.44 144 Ⅲ 三角洲前缘 51.6 12.1 35.1 1.2 Xh12 0.97 127 Ⅲ 前三角洲 81.1 10.8 8.1 / Xh16 0.77 135 Ⅲ 滨浅湖 81.7 11.0 7.3 / Xh6 0.85 172 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 E2p3 三角洲前缘 57.2 16.6 24.0 2.2 Xh3 1.21 192 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 潮间带 68.9 13.3 11.1 6.7 Xh5 1.15 202 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 潮下带 71.8 14.4 8.4 5.5 Xh12 1.21 233 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 E2p2 海岸平原 73.6 7.6 7.9 10.9 Xh3 0.52 140 Ⅲ 三角洲前缘 65.1 9.3 20.9 4.7 Xh3 1.16 187 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 潮间带 68.4 13.2 10.5 7.9 Xh5 1.04 191 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 海湾相 76.4 9.1 10.9 3.6 Xh18 1.32 245 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 E2p1 潮间带 76.1 10.6 8.3 5.0 Xh7 0.96 236 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 潮下带 74.3 4.7 12.3 8.7 Xh3 0.89 248 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2 海湾相 86.2 8.5 3.1 2.3 Xh17 1.42 275 Ⅲ-Ⅱ2
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表 3 油气成藏动力学过程模拟中采用的主要模型与方法
Table 3. The models and methods used in dynamic simulation of petroleum reservoirs
系统模块 本次研究选用的方法 构造沉降史 Airy均衡模型 地层埋藏史 压实模型 联合流体流动压实方法 渗透率模型 Modified Kozeny-Carman 生烃史 有机质成熟度史 LLNL：Easy Ro法 生烃量史 化学动力学法 排烃史 Ro：排烃率法 运移聚集史 古流体势恢复流线法
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