Geodynamic Mechanism of the 2012 Sumatra Mw8.6 Earthquake and Relationships with Other Great Shocks in Surrounding Areas
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摘要: 巽他海沟西侧地壳北向运动的差异性是2012年苏门答腊地震发生的动力学成因.库仑应力计算表明,2004年和2005年苏门答腊2次特大逆冲型地震对本次地震具有显著的触发作用.有记录以来至2011年,本次地震的发震断裂带没有发生过7级以上地震,震源区附近存在5级地震空区,2004年大震后该空区被打破.震前6年、4.5年和3个月发生了3组前震活动,其中最显著的是震前3个月发生的7.2级直接前震.Abstract: The geodynamic mechanism of the great April 11, 2012, Mw8.6 earthquake off the west coast of the northern Sumatra, Indonesia is the difference of the crust northward movements in the west of Sunda trench. Furthermore, the results of static stress calculation show that the shock was triggered by the 2004 devastating Mw9.1 shock and the 2005 event of Mw8.6. There was no earthquake with Mw≥7.0 occurred in the seismogenic fault of the 2012 Sumatra shock from 1900 to 2011. In addition, a seismic gap with Mw≥5.0 was formed around the focal region and the gap was disturbed after the 2004 Sumatra earthquake occurred. Six years, four and a half years and three months before the great 2012 event, there were three groups of foreshocks respectively, and the Mw7.2 event, the direct pre-earthquake, occurred three months prior to the Mw8.6 shock, is the most significant one in the three groups of foreshocks.
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Key words:
- earthquakes /
- stress triggering /
- seismogenic gap /
- foreshock /
- geodynamics /
- Sumatra
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图 1 苏门答腊地区构造背景(a)及1976年以来5级以上地震震源机制解(b)
图 1a是在Socquet et al.(2006)与Delescluse and Chamot-Rooke(2007)研究基础上重绘的结果;图 1b资料来源于哈佛大学CMT目录(http://www.globalcmt.org/)
Fig. 1. Tectonic background of the Sumatra area(a) and the earthquake mechanisms with Mw≥5.0 since 1976(b)
图 2 苏门答腊地区1900年以来8级以上地震余震区分布(a)及2004年和2012年两次大震的同震位错分布
图b资料来源于网站http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_ff.html和http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2012/usc000905e/finite
Fig. 2. Aftershock areas distribution of the great earthquakes with Mw≥8.0 since 1900(a) and the coseismic dislocations of the 2004 and 2012 great event(b)
图 5 苏门答腊附近地区不同时段5级以上地震分布
a.1973年1月1日—2004年12月25日;b.白色圆和红色圆分别表示1973年1月1日—2004年12月25日与2004年12月26日—2005年3月27日期间发生的地震;c.白色圆和红色圆分别表示1973年1月1日—2005年3月27日及2005年3月28日—2007年9月11日期间发生;d.白色圆和红色圆分别表示1973年1月1日—2007年9月11日及2007年9月12日—2012年4月10日期间发生的地震;e.白色圆和红色三角形分别表示1973年1月1日—2012年4月10日与2012年4月11日—2012年4月20日期间发生的地震
Fig. 5. Epicenter distribution of earthquakes with Mw≥5.0 during different periods in Sumatra area
图 8 本次8.6级地震余震区内2004年以来的地震G-R关系(a)、巽他海沟3次逆冲型地震M-t图(b)、2012年8.6级地震余震区内2004年12月以来4.7级以上地震活动M-t图(c)及震源机制解图示(d)
Fig. 8. The G-R relationship of the earthquakes in the Mw8.6 aftershock area since 2004 (a), M-t chart of the three thrusting earthquakes(b), M-t chart of the earthquakes with Mw≥4.7 in the aftershock area of the Mw8.6 event(c) and the focal mechanisms(d)
表 1 2012年8.6级地震及震中附近6级以上地震的基本参数
Table 1. Parameters of the Mw8.6 earthquake and the Mw≥6.0 shocks near it
序号 发震时间(年-月-日) 震中位置 Mw 震源深度(km) 震源机制解(走向-倾角-滑动角) 1 2006-04-19 2.64°,93.23° 6.2 17 节面Ⅰ:19°-86°-(-24°)
节面Ⅱ:110°-66°-(-176°)2 2007-10-04 2.54°,92.90° 6.2 35 节面Ⅰ:15°-81°-(-27°)
节面Ⅱ:110°-63°-(-170°)3 2012-01-10 2.45°,93.21° 7.2 20 节面Ⅰ:12°-83°-(-9°)
节面Ⅱ:103°-81°-(-173°)4 2012-04-11 2.29°,93.08° 8.6 20 节面Ⅰ:20°-64°-1°
节面Ⅱ:289°-89°-154°表 2 1900年以来全球Mw≥8.5地震及其7级前震统计
Table 2. Statistics for great earthquakes of Mw≥8.5 with Mw≥7.0 foreshocks
主震事件 前震事件 前震与主震的间隔时间(h);震中距(km) 发震时间(年-月-日;时:分) 震中位置 Mw 震源深度(km) 发震时间(年-月-日;时:分) 震中位置 Mw 震源深度(km) 1922-11-11;
04∶32-28.55°,-70.75°;
智利8.7 35 1922-11-07;
23∶00-28.44°,
-72.19°7.1 25 77.00;145 1923-02-03;
16∶0153.85°,160.76°;
堪察加东海岸8.5 35 1923-02-02;
05∶0754.02°,
161.52°7.1 35 34.00;53 1960-05-22;
19∶11-38.29°,-73.05°;
智利9.6 35 1960-05-21;
10∶02-37.83°,
-73.38°8.2 12 33.00;60 1960-05-22;
18∶56-38.15°,
-72.98°7.9 35 0.25;20 1963-10-13;
05∶1744.76°,149.80°;
千岛群岛8.6 26 1963-10-12;
11∶2744.43°,
149.27°7.1 48 18.00;55 2011-03-11;
05∶4737.52°,143.05°;
日本本州近海9.1 20 2001-03-09;
02∶4538.58°,
142.83°7.5 15 51.00;120 2012-4-11;
08∶382.29°,93.08°;
苏门答腊北部海域8.6 20 2012-01-10;
18∶362.45°,
93.21°7.2 20 2 184(91天);23 -
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