青藏高原拉萨地块发现古元古代地体

何世平; 李荣社; 王超; 张宏飞; 计文化; 于浦生; 辜平阳; 时超

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2013.052

青藏高原拉萨地块发现古元古代地体

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2013.052

1.
西安地质矿产研究所, 陕西西安 710054
2.
中国地质大学地球科学学院, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

中国地质大调查项目"青藏高原前寒武纪地质、古生代构造-古地理综合研究" 1212010610102

详细信息

作者简介:
何世平(1963-), 男, 研究员, 主要从事大地构造、地球化学研究.E-mail: xakeyi@163.com

中图分类号: P587;P597⁺.3
计量
- 文章访问数: 12519
- HTML全文浏览量: 224
- PDF下载量: 1639
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2012-05-11
- 刊出日期: 2013-05-15

Discovery of the Paleoproterozoic Terrane in Lhasa Block, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

1.
Xi'an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Xi'an 710054, China
2.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 拉萨地块东部呈断块状分布的松多岩群包括岔萨岗岩组、马布库岩组和雷龙库岩组, 对其形成时代存在较大分歧.通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年, 西藏工布江达县一带岔萨岗岩组变基性火山岩中获得2 450.3±9.9 Ma的不一致线上交点年龄, 为原岩形成时代, 属于古元古代早期, 是目前拉萨地块获得的最老基底同位素年龄值.依据野外调研和新获得的同位素年代学数据, 结合新近完成的区域地质调查资料, 建议将原"松多岩群"解体, 新建工布江达岩群(Pt₁Gb), 松多岩群仅保留马布库岩组(AnOm)和雷龙库岩组(AnOl).拉萨地块古元古代地体的发现, 对重新厘定该区前寒武纪基底格架、区域对比、构造归属划分以及寻找与前寒武纪相关的矿产具有重要意义.
- 拉萨地块 /
- 松多岩群 /
- 古元古代早期 /
- 锆石U-Pb年代学 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: Songduo rock group includes Chashagang rock formation, Mabuku rock formation and Leilongku rock formation, which takes on fault blocks locating in the eastern Lhasa block, and its age has long been argued. The high accurate LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotope dating of meta-basic volcanic rock from Chashagang rock formation in Gongbujiangda County, Tibet, yielded a U-Pb upper-intercept age of 2 450.3±9.9 Ma. It is suggested a rock-forming age and the oldest isotopic age of basement of Lhasa block, belonging to the Early Paleoproterozoic. According to field investigation and the new data of geochronology, combining with new results from regional geological survey, we propose that "the original Songduo rock group" should be disintergrated, and re-establish a Gongbujiangda rock group. The Songduo rock Group only remain Mabuku rock formation (AnOm) and Leilongku rock Formation (AnOl). It is great significance to redefinite the Precambrian basement framework, compare in region, subdivide tectonic units, and find minerals related with the Precambrian.
- Lhasa block /
- Songduo rock group /
- Early Paleoproterozoic /
- zircon U-Pb geochronology /
- geochemistry

HTML全文

图 1 拉萨地块东部西藏工布江达县一带地质简图

1.新生界；2.中生界；3.上古生界；4.下古生界；5.前奥陶系松多岩群雷龙库岩组；6.前奥陶系松多岩群马布库岩组；7.前奥陶系松多岩群岔萨岗岩组；8.中新元古界念青唐古拉岩群；9.中新元古界林芝岩群；10.古近纪花岗岩；11.白垩纪花岗闪长岩；12.侏罗纪花岗闪长岩；13.三叠纪花岗闪长岩；14.缝合带及编号；15.断裂/推测断裂；16.公路/水系；17.研究区范围；18.采样位置及编号；①康西瓦-木孜塔格-玛沁-勉县-略阳缝合带；②西金乌兰-金沙江缝合带；③班公湖-怒江缝合带；④雅鲁藏布江缝合带

Fig. 1. Earstern Lhasa block in Gongbujiangda County, Tibet

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 松多岩群岔萨岗岩组变基性火山岩锆石CL图像(单位: Ma)

锆石中的圆圈为同位素测年激光剥蚀的示意范围, 相应的编号为测点号, 其他数字为²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄和误差

Fig. 2. CL images of zircons from meta-basic volcanic rock in Chasagang rock formation of Songduo rock group

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 松多岩群岔萨岗岩组变基性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(单位: Ma)

Fig. 3. U-Pb concordia diagram of zircons from meta-basic volcanic rock in Chasagang rock formation of Songduo rock group

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 拉萨地块东段西藏工布江达县一带前寒武系分布

1.显生宇；2.前奥陶系松多岩群雷龙库岩组(AnOl)；3.前奥陶系松多岩群马布库岩组(AnOm)；4.中新元古界林芝岩群(Pt_2-3L)；5.中新元古界念青唐古拉岩群(Pt_2-3N)；6.古元古代工布江达岩群(Pt₁Gb)

Fig. 4. Precambrian of the eastern Lhasa block in Gongbujiangda County, Tibet

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 拉萨地块松多岩群岔萨岗岩组变基性火山岩单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年结果

Table 1. The results of the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic dating for the single-grain zircon from meta-basic volcanic rock in Chasagang rock formation of Songduo rock group

样点编号	同位素比值						同位素年龄(Ma)										同位素含量(μg·g^-1)						Th/U
	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb		²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U		²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U		²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th		²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb		²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U		²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U		²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th		²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁷Pb	²⁰⁸Pb	²³²Th	²³⁸U
	比值	1σ	比值	1σ	比值	1σ	比值	1σ	年龄	1σ	年龄	1σ	年龄	1σ	年龄	1σ	²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁶Pb	²⁰⁷Pb	²⁰⁸Pb	²³²Th	²³⁸U
07SD-1-01	0.160	0.002	9.451	0.095	0.427	0.004	0.135	0.001	2 442	25	2 370	10	2 288	19	2 269	22	9.45	1 396.42	270.39	33.06	107.13	749.63	0.14
07SD-1-02	0.162	0.002	9.879	0.098	0.443	0.005	0.166	0.002	2 335	30	2 331	12	2 326	21	2 325	25	56.67	2 251.40	457.53	145.75	426.92	1 101.38	0.39
07SD-1-03	0.156	0.002	9.264	0.091	0.431	0.004	0.120	0.001	2 414	8	2 364	9	2 308	20	2 292	19	0.64	1 613.01	297.31	25.27	88.32	855.13	0.10
07SD-1-04	0.171	0.002	6.137	0.060	0.261	0.003	0.017	0.000	2 564	8	1 996	9	1 494	14	343	3	96.49	4 052.15	816.52	121.47	2 977.47	3 545.16	0.84
07SD-1-05	0.159	0.002	11.010	0.108	0.503	0.005	0.114	0.001	2 442	8	2 524	9	2 628	22	2 190	18	13.86	2 658.65	498.21	29.72	108.97	1 205.73	0.09
07SD-1-06	0.161	0.002	10.963	0.111	0.493	0.005	0.118	0.001	2 471	8	2 520	9	2 582	22	2 253	19	12.05	854.52	167.70	95.72	318.65	387.25	0.82
07SD-1-08	0.160	0.002	10.744	0.105	0.488	0.005	0.132	0.001	2 451	8	2 501	9	2 564	22	2 501	21	9.88	2 008.55	378.45	48.02	152.99	938.58	0.16
07SD-1-09	0.161	0.002	10.400	0.105	0.469	0.005	0.107	0.001	2 465	8	2 471	9	2 479	21	2 050	18	4.95	1 313.06	257.92	90.84	307.79	566.64	0.54
07SD-1-10	0.157	0.002	11.152	0.109	0.514	0.005	0.094	0.001	2 428	8	2 536	9	2 673	22	1 823	15	69.29	2 908.02	540.55	66.62	296.25	1 291.61	0.23
07SD-1-11	0.157	0.002	10.265	0.100	0.474	0.005	0.095	0.001	2 423	8	2 459	9	2 503	21	1 841	15	4.35	3 154.28	584.50	69.57	306.21	1 517.30	0.20
07SD-1-12	0.162	0.002	9.125	0.090	0.409	0.004	0.041	0.000	2 475	8	2 351	9	2 209	19	809	7	46.89	3 245.91	620.57	45.66	469.18	1 812.20	0.26
07SD-1-13	0.161	0.002	11.404	0.112	0.514	0.005	0.116	0.001	2 464	8	2 557	9	2 676	22	2 221	18	6.85	2 867.96	544.55	211.02	762.45	1 272.40	0.60
07SD-1-14	0.157	0.002	11.405	0.112	0.526	0.005	0.110	0.001	2 426	8	2 557	9	2 725	23	2 118	17	＜0.54	2 468.11	458.36	42.40	161.09	1 070.86	0.15
07SD-1-15	0.161	0.002	10.473	0.104	0.471	0.005	0.137	0.001	2 470	8	2 478	9	2 487	21	2 600	22	1 312.01	4 112.61	1 795.75	1 301.97	1 360.04	1 594.78	0.85
07SD-1-16	0.161	0.002	11.208	0.110	0.504	0.005	0.137	0.001	2 470	8	2 541	9	2 631	22	2 597	21	17.37	2 331.49	444.17	71.48	218.79	1 056.02	0.21
07SD-1-17	0.155	0.002	9.540	0.094	0.447	0.005	0.111	0.001	2 401	8	2 391	9	2 381	20	2 124	17	＜0.57	1 040.14	190.25	57.98	219.58	531.41	0.41
07SD-1-18	0.160	0.002	10.038	0.099	0.455	0.005	0.109	0.001	2 457	8	2 438	9	2 416	21	2 098	17	＜0.37	904.78	171.07	110.25	423.09	454.11	0.93
07SD-1-19	0.161	0.002	9.641	0.095	0.434	0.004	0.116	0.001	2 468	8	2 401	9	2 323	20	2 219	19	4.23	1 422.05	270.73	39.45	142.68	748.25	0.19
07SD-1-20	0.159	0.002	10.365	0.101	0.474	0.005	0.115	0.001	2 442	8	2 468	9	2 500	21	2 204	18	15.54	2 737.95	513.11	86.62	315.55	1 319.08	0.24
07SD-1-21	0.161	0.002	10.328	0.101	0.465	0.005	0.092	0.001	2 468	8	2 465	9	2 461	21	1 779	15	14.74	2 940.46	559.63	41.91	191.20	1 443.80	0.13
07SD-1-22	0.164	0.002	11.338	0.112	0.502	0.005	0.107	0.001	2 497	8	2 551	9	2 621	22	2 054	17	56.92	2 445.83	492.93	208.87	670.04	1 077.87	0.62
07SD-1-23	0.156	0.002	11.159	0.109	0.517	0.005	0.115	0.001	2 418	8	2 536	9	2 688	22	2 193	18	1.86	2 481.67	458.51	159.94	585.63	1 094.87	0.53
07SD-1-24	0.158	0.002	10.137	0.100	0.467	0.005	0.119	0.001	2 430	8	2 447	9	2 469	21	2 265	19	6.09	1 366.06	254.18	64.58	228.59	668.15	0.34
07SD-1-26	0.160	0.002	8.565	0.084	0.388	0.004	0.077	0.001	2 455	8	2 293	9	2 115	18	1 501	12	19.17	3 206.29	636.60	140.15	670.95	1 615.09	0.42
07SD-1-27	0.155	0.002	9.406	0.093	0.439	0.004	0.102	0.001	2 407	8	2 378	9	2 346	20	1 958	17	2.43	1 196.77	219.69	31.63	130.50	622.34	0.21
07SD-1-28	0.157	0.002	11.105	0.109	0.514	0.005	0.145	0.001	2 421	8	2 532	9	2 673	22	2 738	23	30.08	3 935.97	728.55	85.45	247.20	1 748.12	0.14
07SD-1-29	0.157	0.002	11.373	0.111	0.527	0.005	0.078	0.001	2 419	8	2 554	9	2 728	23	1 518	13	49.82	4 215.59	779.45	32.04	172.42	1 826.24	0.09
07SD-1-30	0.161	0.002	11.092	0.108	0.500	0.005	0.111	0.001	2 465	8	2 531	9	2 614	22	2 128	17	9.66	3 893.54	739.87	356.53	1 347.93	1 777.38	0.76
注: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素含量和年龄测试在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成, 使用Andersen(2002)的方法进行了普通铅校正, 谐和度=(²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb)/(²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U)×100.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(86)

[1]	Andersen, T., 2002. Correction of Common Lead in U-Pb Analyses that do not Report ²⁰⁴ Pb. Chemical Geology, 192(1-2): 59-79. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00195-X
[2]	Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xizang Autonomous Region, 1993. Regional Geology of Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region. Geological Publishing House, Beijing(in Chinese).
[3]	Chen, S.J., Li, R.S., Ji, W.H., et al., 2006. Study of the Late Maokouan(Permian)Hiatus in Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Stratigraphy, 30(3): 231-236(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ200603004.htm
[4]	Cheng, L.R., Zhang, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., 2005. Discovery of the Ordovicain Strata in Xianza County, Tibet and Its Significance. Journal of Stratigraphy, 29(1): 38-41(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/304221948_Discovery_of_the_Early_Ordovician_strata_in_Xianza_County_Tibet_and_its_significance
[5]	Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resourses of China Geology Survey, 2004. The Geological Map of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Plateau and Adjacent Areas (1: 1 500 000). Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House, Chengdu(in Chinese).
[6]	DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., et al., 2000. Tectonic Implications of U-Pb Zircon Ages of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt in Nepal. Science, 288(5465): 497-499. doi: 10.1126/science.288.5465.497
[7]	Ding, L., Zhong, D.L., 1999. Metamorphic Characteristics and Geotectonic Implications of the High-Pressure Granulites from Namjagbarwa, Eastern Tibet. Science in China (Ser. D), 26(5): 385-397(in Chinese). http://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=1004544738
[8]	Gao, S., Liu, X.M., Yuan, H.L., et al., 2003. Analysis of Forty-two Major and Trace Elements in USGS and NIST SRM Glasses by LA-ICP-MS. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, 67(18): 116. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/252188504_Analysis_of_forty-two_major_and_trace_elements_in_USGS_and_NIST_SRM_glasses_by_LA-ICPMS
[9]	Gehrels, G.E., DeCelles, P.G., Martin, A., et al., 2003. Initiation of the Himalayan Orogen as an Early Paleozoic Thin-skinned Thrust Belt. GAS Today, 13(9): 4-9. doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<4:IOTHOA>2.0.CO;2
[10]	Group of Comprehensive Survey of Bureau of Geology of Xizang Autonomous Region, 1979. Report on 1: 1 000 000 Regional Geological Survey of Lhasa Amplitude. Geological Publishing House, Beijing(in Chinese).
[11]	Hu, D.G., Wu, Z.H., Jiang, W., et al., 2004. P-T-t Path of Mafic Granulites Metamorphism in Northern Tibet and Its Geodynamical Implications. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78(1): 155-165. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00687.x
[12]	Hu, D.G., Wu, Z.H., Jiang, W., et al., 2005. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Age and Nd Isotopic Study on the Nyainqêntanglha Group Complex in Tibet. Science in China (Ser. D), 48(9): 1377-1386. doi: 10.1360/04yd0183
[13]	Hu, D.G., Wu, Z.H., Ye, P.S., et al., 2003. SHRIMP U-Pb Ages of Zircons from Dioritic Gneiss in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Tibet. Geological Bulletin of China, 22(11-12): 936-940(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/286039319_SHRIMP_U-Pb_ages_of_zircons_from_dioritic_gneiss_in_the_Nyainqentanglha_Mountains_Tibet
[14]	Kang, Z.Q., Xu, J.F., Wang, B.D., et al., 2009. Geochemistry of Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks of Duoni Formation in Northern Lhasa Block: Discussion of Tectonic Setting. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 34(1): 89-104(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2009.009
[15]	Li, C., Dong, Y.S., Zhai, Q.G., et al., 2008. Discovery of Eopaleozoic Ophiolite in the Qiangtang of Tibet Plateau: Evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Its Tectonic Implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(1): 31-36(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279540608_Discovery_of_Eopaleozoic_ophiolite_in_the_Qiangtang_of_Tibet_Plateau_Evidence_from_SHRIMP_U-Pb_dating_and_its_tectonic_implications
[16]	Li, C., Huang, X.P., Zhai, Q.G., et al., 2006. The Longmu Co-Shuanghu-Jitang Plate Suture and the Northern Boundary of Gondwanaland in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Earth Science Frontiers, 13(4): 136-147(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200604011.htm
[17]	Li, C., Zhai, Q.G., Dong, Y.S., et al., 2006. Discovery of Eclogite and Its Geological Significance in Qiangtang Area, Central Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(9): 1095-1100. doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-1095-3
[18]	Liu, W.C., Liang, D.Y., Wang, K.Y., et al., 2002. The Ordovicain Discovery in the Kangma Region of South Tibet and Its Geological Significance. Earth Science Frontiers, 9(4): 247-248(in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DXQY200204004.htm
[19]	Liu, Y., Zhong, D., 1997. Petrology of High-pressure Granulites from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15 (4): 451-466. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00033.x
[20]	Ludwig, K.R., 2003. User's Manual for Isoplot 3.0: A Geochronologycal Toolkit for Micro-soft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Certer, Special Publication, (4).
[21]	Mo, X.X., Pan, G.T., 2006. From the Tethys to the Formation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Constrained by Tectono-magmatic Events. Earth Science Frontiers, 13(6): 43-51(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/303494314_From_the_Tethys_to_the_Formation_of_the_Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau_Constrained_by_Tectono-Magmatic_Event
[22]	Mo, X.X., Zhao, Z.D., Zhou, S., et al., 2007. On the Timing of India-Asia Continental Collision. Geological Bulletin of China, 26(10): 1240-1244(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200710004.htm
[23]	Mo, X.X., Zhao, Z.D., Zhu D.C., et al., 2009. On the Lithosphere of Indo-Asia Collision Zone in Southern Tibet: Petrological and Geochemical Constraints. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 34(1): 17-27(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2009.003
[24]	Pan, G.T., Wang, L.Q., Zhu, D.C., 2004a. Thoughts on Some Important Scientific Problems in Regional Geological Survey of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geological Bulletin of China, 23(1): 12-19(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200401003.htm
[25]	Pan, G.T., Zhu, D.C., Wang, L.Q., et al., 2004b. Bangong Lake-Nu River Suture Zone-The Northern Boundary of Gondwanaland: Evidence from Geology and Geophysics. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(4): 371-382(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200404005.htm
[26]	Sengör, A.M.C., Cin, A., Rowley, D.B., et al., 1991. Magmatic Evolution of the Tethyside: A Guide to Reconstruction of Collage History. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87(1-4): 411-440. doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90143-F
[27]	Shi, R.D., Yang, J.S., Xu, Z.Q., et al., 2005. Recognition of MOR-and SSZ-type Ophiolites in the Bangong Lake Ophiolite Mélange, Western Tibet: Evidence from Two Kinds of Mantle Peridotites. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 24(5): 397-408(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YSKW200505008.htm
[28]	Sun, Q.L., Ma, H.D., 2002. Discovery of Monodiexodina in the Vicinity of Muztag, East Kunlun, Xinjiang. Geological Bulletin of China, 21(1): 48(in Chinese). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_geological-bulletin-china_thesis/0201252294040.html
[29]	Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z.Q., Roger, F., et al., 2001. Oblique Stepwise Rise and Growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science, 294(5547): 1671-1677. doi: 10.1126/science.105978
[30]	Wang, B.Z., Song, T.Z., Wang, J., et al., 2002. Discovery of a Cold-water Fauna in the Mount Buka Daban Area, East Kunlun. Geological Bulletin of China, 21(7): 411-414(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_geological-bulletin-china_thesis/0201252294367.html
[31]	Wang, G.H., Liang, D.Y., Zhang, W.J., et al., 2007. Tectono-paleogeographic Characteristics in Northeastern Tibet, China and Spatial-temporal Transition of the Northern Boundary of Gondwana. Geological Bulletin of China, 26(8): 921-928(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/297081544_Tectono-paleogeographic_characteristics_in_nor_heastern_Tibet_and_spatial-temporal_transition_of_the_northern_boundary_of_Gondwana
[32]	Wang, L.Q., Pan, G.T., Li, C., et al., 2008. SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Dating of Eopaleozoic Cumulate in Guoganjianian Mt. from Central Qiangtang Area of Northern Tibet-Considering the Evolvement of Proto-and Paleo-tethys. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(12): 2045-2056(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279556293_SHRIMP_U-Pb_zircon_dating_of_Eopaleozoic_cumulate_in_Guoganjianian_Mt_from_central_Qiangtang_area_of_northern_Tibet-Considering_the_evolvement_of_Proto-and_Paleo-Tethys
[33]	Wu, M.B., Ye, X.R., Liu, C.Y., et al., 2003. Plume-type Magmatism in the Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolites, Tibet-Evidence from the Helium and Argon Isotopic Compositions. Geological Bulletin of China, 22(9): 670-674(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200309005.htm
[34]	Xia, D.X., Liu, S.K., 1997. Stratigraphy(Lithostratic)of Xizang Autonomous Region. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan(in Chinese).
[35]	Xiao, X.C., Li, T.D., 2000. Tectonic Evolution and Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Guangdong Science & Technology Press, Guangzhou(in Chinese).
[36]	Yang, D.M., He, Z.H., Huang, Y.C., et al., 2005. Metamorphism Characteristics of Songduo Group in Menba Township Mozhugongka County, Tibet and the Discussionon Its Age. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 35(4): 430-435(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ200504003.htm
[37]	Yang, J.S., Xu, Z.Q., Geng, Q.R., et al., 2006. A Possible New HP/UHP (?) Metamorphic Belt in China: Discovery of Eclogite in the Lasha Terrane, Tibet. Acta Geological Sinica, 80(12): 1787-1792(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279768269_A_possible_new_HPUHP_()_metamorphic_belt_in_China_Discovery_of_eclogite_in_the_Lasha_terrane_Tibet
[38]	Yang, J.S., Xu, Z.Q., Li, T.F., et al., 2007. Oceanic Subduction-type Eclogite in the Lhasa Block, Tibet, China: Remains of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean Basin?Geological Bulletin of China, 26(10): 1277-1287(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_geological-bulletin-china_thesis/0201252288932.html
[39]	Yao, Z.F., 1988. Discovery of the Glaucophane-bearing Rock in Northern Tibet. Regional Geology of China, 2: 190(in Chinese).
[40]	Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic Evolution of the Himalavan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28: 211-280. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211
[41]	Yin, G.H., Bao, G., Yang, S.S., et al., 2006. The Granulites and Ages of the Nyingchi Group Complex in the Nyingchi Region, Xizang. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 26(3): 8-15(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285831251_The_granulites_and_ages_of_the_Nyingchi_Group_Complex_in_the_Nyingchi_region_Xizang
[42]	Yuan, H.L., Wu, F.Y., Gao, S., et al., 2003. LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Age and REE of Cenozoic Pluton in NE China. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 48(14): 1511-1520 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb2003-48-14-1511
[43]	Yuan, X.C., Li, T.D., Xiao, X.C., et al., 2006.3D Lithospheric Structure of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hydraulic Pressure Machine Model of the Plateau Uplift. Geology in China, 33(4): 711-729(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200604003.htm
[44]	Zhang, K.X., Wang, G.C., Cao, K., et al., 2008. Cenozoic Sedimentary Records and Geochronological Constraints of Differentiated Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science in China (Ser. D), 51(11): 1658-1672. doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0132-2
[45]	Zhang, S.Q., Wang, B.Z., Wang, J., et al., 2000. Constitution and Metamorphism of the Songduo Group in the South Margin of Gandise-B Type Mountain Chain in Tibet. Journal of Xi'an Engineering University, 22(3): 5-10(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX200003001.htm
[46]	Zheng, Y.Y., Xu, R.K., Wang, C.Y., et al., 2007. The First Discovery of Permian Conodont Fauna from Peri-Gondwana Cool Water Facies in Tibet, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 52(9): 1231-1237. doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0168-2
[47]	Zhong, D.L., Ding, L., 1995. Discovery of High-pressure Basic Granulite in Namjagbarwa Area, Tibet, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 40 (14): 1343(in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb1995-40-14-1343
[48]	Zhou, Z.G., Liu, W.C., Liang, D.Y., 2004. Discovery of the Ordovicain and Its Basal Conglomerate in the Kangmar Area, Southern Tibet-with A Discussion of the Relation of the Sedimentary Cover and Unifying Basement in the Himalayas. Geological Bulletin of China, 23(7): 655-663(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200407003.htm
[49]	Zhu, T.X., Wang, A.H., Zou, G.F., et al., 2003. New Discovery of Sedimentary Covers-basal Conglomerate-in the Himalayas, Tibet. Geological Bulletin of China, 22(5): 367-368(in Chinese).
[50]	Zhu, Z.Y., Wang, T.W., Li, C., 2004. Metamorphic Characteristics of Nyainqentanglha Group in Jielangya Area of Bange, Tibet. Global Geology, 23(2): 128-133(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SJDZ200402004.htm
[51]	陈守建, 李荣社, 计文化, 等, 2006. 青藏高原北部茅口晚期地层缺失研究. 地层学杂志, 30(3): 231-236. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4959.2006.03.005
[52]	程立人, 张以春, 张予杰, 2005. 藏北申扎地区早奥陶世地层的发现及意义. 地层学杂志, 29(1): 38-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4959.2005.01.007
[53]	丁林, 钟大赉, 1999. 西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区高压麻粒岩相变质作用特征及其构造地质意义. 中国科学(D辑), 26 (5): 385-397. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK199905000.htm
[54]	胡道功, 吴珍汉, 叶培盛, 等, 2003. 西藏念青唐古拉山闪长质片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄. 地质通报, 22(11-12): 936-940. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD2003Z1016.htm
[55]	康志强, 许继峰, 王保弟, 等, 2009. 拉萨地块北部白垩纪多尼组火山岩的地球化学: 形成的构造环境. 地球科学—中国地质大学学报, 34(1): 89-104. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200901010.htm
[56]	李才, 董永胜, 翟庆国, 等, 2008. 青藏高原羌塘早古生代蛇绿岩-堆晶辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP定年及其意义. 岩石学报, 24(1): 31-36. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200801003.htm
[57]	李才, 黄小鹏, 翟庆国, 等, 2006. 龙木错-双湖-吉塘板块缝合带与青藏高原冈瓦纳北界. 地学前缘, 13(4): 136-147. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.04.011
[58]	刘文灿, 梁定益, 王克友, 等, 2002. 藏南康马地区奥陶系的发现及其地质意义. 地学前缘, 9(4): 247-248. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2002.04.026
[59]	莫宣学, 潘桂棠, 2006. 从特提斯到青藏高原形成: 构造-岩浆事件的约束. 地学前缘, 13(6): 43-51. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.06.007
[60]	莫宣学, 赵志丹, 周肃, 等, 2007. 印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的时限. 地质通报, 26(10): 1240-1244. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.10.002
[61]	莫宣学, 赵志丹, 朱弟成, 等, 2009. 西藏南部印度-亚洲碰撞带岩石圈: 岩石学-地球化学约束. 地球科学—中国地质大学学报, 34(1): 17-27. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200901004.htm
[62]	潘桂棠, 王立全, 朱弟成, 2004a. 青藏高原区域地质调查中几个重大科学问题的思考. 地质通报, 23(1): 12-19. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200401003.htm
[63]	潘桂棠, 朱弟成, 王立全, 等, 2004b. 班公湖-怒江缝合带作为冈瓦纳大陆北界的地质地球物理证据. 地学前缘, 11(4): 371-382. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200404005.htm
[64]	史仁灯, 杨经绥, 许志琴, 等, 2005. 西藏班公湖存在MOR型和SSZ型蛇绿岩—来自两种不同地幔橄榄岩的证据. 岩石矿物学杂志, 24(5): 397-408. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6524.2005.05.008
[65]	孙巧缡, 马华东, 2002. 新疆东昆仑木孜塔格一带首次发现单通道蜓(Monodiexodina)动物群. 地质通报, 21(1): 48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2002.01.010
[66]	王秉璋, 宋泰忠, 王瑾, 等, 2002. 东昆仑布喀达坂峰地区发现二叠纪冷温动物群. 地质通报, 21 (7): 411-414. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2002.07.008
[67]	王根厚, 梁定益, 张维杰, 等, 2007. 藏东北构造古地理特征及冈瓦纳北界的时空转换. 地质通报, 26(8): 921-928. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.08.002
[68]	王立全, 潘桂棠, 李才, 等, 2008. 藏北羌塘中部果干加年山早古生代堆晶辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄—兼论原-古特提斯洋的演化. 地质通报, 27(12): 2045-2056. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2008.12.010
[69]	吴茂炳, 叶先仁, 刘春燕, 等, 2003. 雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中地幔柱型岩浆作用—来自氦、氩同位素的证据. 地质通报, 22(9): 670-674. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2003.09.006
[70]	西藏自治区地质矿产局, 1993. 西藏自治区区域地质志. 北京: 地质出版社.
[71]	西藏自治区地质局综合普查大队, 1979.1: 100万H-46拉萨幅区域地质调查报告. 北京: 地质出版社.
[72]	夏代祥, 刘世坤, 1997. 西藏自治区岩石地层. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社.
[73]	肖序常, 李廷栋, 2000. 青藏高原的构造演化与隆升机制. 广州: 广东科技出版社.
[74]	杨德明, 和钟铧, 黄映聪, 等, 2005. 西藏墨竹工卡县门巴地区松多岩群变质作用特征及时代讨论. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 35(4): 430-435. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ200504003.htm
[75]	杨经绥, 许志琴, 耿全如, 等, 2006. 中国境内可能存在一条新的高压/超高压(?)变质带—青藏高原拉萨地块中发现榴辉岩带. 地质学报, 80(12): 1787-1792. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2006.12.001
[76]	杨经绥, 许志琴, 李天福, 等, 2007. 青藏高原拉萨地块中的大洋俯冲型榴辉岩: 古提特斯洋盆的残留?地质通报, 26(10): 1277-1287. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.10.006
[77]	姚宗富, 1988. 西藏北部发现含蓝闪石类岩石. 中国区域地质, 2: 190.
[78]	尹光候, 包钢, 杨淑胜, 等, 2006. 西藏林芝地区林芝岩群麻粒岩及时代讨论. 沉积与特提斯地质, 26(3): 8-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-3850.2006.03.002
[79]	袁洪林, 吴福元, 高山, 等, 2003. 东北地区新生代侵入体的锆石激光探针U-Pb年龄测定与稀土元素成分分析. 科学通报, 48(14): 1511-1520. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2003.14.008
[80]	袁学诚, 李廷栋, 肖序常, 等, 2006. 青藏高原岩石圈三维结构及高原隆升的液压机模型. 中国地质, 33(4): 5-10. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200604003.htm
[81]	张森琦, 王秉璋, 王瑾, 等, 2000. 西藏冈底斯B型山链南缘松多群的构成及其变质变形特征. 西安工程学院学报, 22(3): 5-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2000.03.002
[82]	钟大赉, 丁林, 1995. 西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区发现高压麻粒岩. 科学通报, 40 (14): 1343. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1995.14.029
[83]	中国地质调查局成都地质矿产研究所, 2004.1: 150万青藏高原及邻区地质图和说明书. 成都: 成都测绘出版社.
[84]	周志广, 刘文灿, 梁定益, 2004. 藏南康马奥陶系及其底砾岩的发现并初论喜马拉雅沉积盖层与统一变质基底的关系. 地质通报, 23(7): 655-663. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2004.07.004
[85]	朱同兴, 王安华, 邹光富, 等, 2003. 喜马拉雅地区沉积盖层底砾岩的新发现. 地质通报, 22(5): 367-368. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2003.05.012
[86]	朱志勇, 王天武, 李才, 2004. 西藏班戈节浪垭地区念青唐古拉群变质作用特征. 世界地质, 23(2): 128-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2004.02.005