Ice Thickness and Volume Based on GPR, GPS and GIS: Example from the Heigou Glacier No.8, Bogda-Peak Region, Tianshan, China
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摘要: 本研究以天山博格达峰黑沟8号冰川为例，基于2009年探地雷达(GPR)冰川厚度测量资料以及高精度RTK-GPS(全球定位系统)定位数据，在地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下，开展了冰川厚度分布、冰储量分析及其变化特征研究.结果表明，黑沟8号冰川冰舌平均厚度为58.7 m，冰储量为115.1×106 m3，相当于水量103.5×106 m3；1986—2009年，冰舌平均减薄13±6 m，年均减薄约0.57±0.26 m，冰储量亏损达(25.5±11.8)×106 m3((22.9±10.6)×106 m3水当量)，是该区气温显著升高的结果.相比反距离加权法和径向基函数法，普通克里格法插值精度较高(计算误差均值：-0.166 5；误差均方根：2.822)，更适合于黑沟8号此类山地冰川的厚度分布研究；该冰川减薄速率与中国西部典型监测冰川近几十年的变化基本保持一致.本项研究将GPR、GPS和GIS技术综合运用于冰川学领域，可以有效解决数据获取、精确定位、空间分析等一系列问题，具有广阔的应用前景.Abstract: In support of GIS (geographical information system) technology, this study takes Heigou glacier No.8, Bogda-peak region, Tianshan as an example to analyze ice thickness, ice volume and their changes, based on GPR(ground penetrating radar) ice thickness data and high accuracy RTK-GPS(global positioning system) surveying data in 2009. Results indicate that the mean ice thickness in the tongue of Heigou glacier No.8 is 58.7 m with the ice volume of 115.1×106 m3 (103.5×106 m3 water equivalent). During 1986-2009, the ice tongue thinned by 13±6 m, with the mean thinning rate of 0.57±0.26 m·a-1, corresponding to the loss in ice volume of (25.5±11.8)×106 m3 ((22.9±10.6)×106 m3 water equivalent), which directly resulted from the rapid increase in temperature. By comparison of IDW (inverse distance weighted), RBF (radial basis functions) and OK (ordinary kriging) interpolation methods, the precision of OK interpolation method is higher (Mean: -0.166 5; RMS: 2.822), suitable to the study of ice thickness of the mountain glaciers, such as Heigou glacier No.8. Moreover, the thinning rate of Heigou glacier No.8 is approximately consistent with those of the other monitored glaciers in western China. Integrated use of GPR, GPS and GIS technology in the field of glaciology can effectively facilitate the data capture, precise positioning, and spatial analysis, which has a promisting prospect for multi-applications.
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Key words:
- ice thickness /
- ice volume /
- Heigou glacier No.8 /
- glacial geology /
- environmental engineering
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图 3 黑沟8号冰川C1-C2测线雷达图像
Fig. 3. Radar image along the sounding transect C1-C2 on Heigou glacier No.8
图 4 基于普通克里格法的黑沟8号冰川冰舌厚度分布及1962—2009年冰川末端变化
Fig. 4. Ice thickness isoline map of Heigou glacier No.8 using ordinary kriging interpolation method and the terminus change from 1962 to 2009
表 1 冰川厚度不同方法插值结果比较
Table 1. Comparison of ice thickness using different interpolation methods
插值方法 参数模型 误差均值(MEAN) 误差均方根(RMS) 反距离加权法(IDW) 指数为2 -0.785 0 7.663 径向基函数法(RBF) 函数参数为35.715 -0.800 2 6.795 普通克里格方法(OK) - -0.166 5 2.822 
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表 2 我国西部典型监测冰川近几十年变化比较
Table 2. Comparison of the changes of the typical monitored glaciers in western China in recent years
冰川名称 位置 末端海拔(m) 厚度变化 面积变化 末端变化 资料来源 时间段 年均减薄(m·a-1) 时间段 年均(km2·a-1) 时间段 年均(m·a-1) 黑沟8号冰川 43°46'N, 88°23"E 3 380 1986——2009 0.57±0.26 (冰舌) 1962——2009 -0.002(冰舌) 1962——2009
1959——1993-11
-4.5本研究 乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川 43°06'N, 86°49'E 3 736 1981——2006 0.40~0.72 (东支中轴线剖面) 1962——2006 -0.006 1993——2004 -3.5(东支)
-5.8(西支)李忠勤等, 2007a 科其喀尔冰川 41°49'N, 80°10'E 3 060 1981——2004 0.5~1.5 (冰舌) - 1974——2004 -12.7 谢昌卫等, 2006 哈密庙尔沟冰川 43°03'N, 94°19'E 3 840 1981——2005 0.21 (海拔4295~4 357 m) - - 李忠勤等, 2007b 海螺沟冰川 29°36'N, 101°57'E 2 910 1966——2009 1.1±0.4 - - Zhang et al., 2010
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