Glacier Temporal-Spatial Change Characteristics in Western Nyainqentanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau 1977-2010
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摘要: 青藏高原现代冰川变化是对气候变化的响应, 对区域水资源评估有着重要的理论意义和现实意义.采用GIS分析方法, 利用三期卫星遥感数据研究青藏高原中部念青唐古拉山西段冰川在2个时间段(1977-2001和2001-2010)的时空分布和变化, 并对比分析其在南坡和北坡变化速率趋势以及在不同海拔高度的变化特征.研究发现: (1)2010年念青唐古拉山西段冰川面积为571.81±16.01 km2, 主要分布在5 500~6 200 m的高山区; (2)1977-2010年念青唐古拉山西段冰川退缩明显, 总面积减少22.42%±2.90%;(3)相比于1977-2001年时间段, 近十年来该区冰川退缩速率呈明显加剧趋势; (4)与前一个时段相比, 低于5 700 m海拔区域, 各海拔段的冰川年均面积退缩速率呈减缓趋势; 而在5 700~7 000 m海拔区域, 则呈加剧趋势; (5)北坡冰川退缩率(23.6%±2.88%)高于南坡(21.97%±2.90%), 且南北坡2001-2010年年均冰川面积减少最大的海拔段比1977-2001年都升高了200 m, 研究区冰川的持续退缩有向高海拔转移的趋势; (6)南坡拉萨河流域内的冰川年均减少面积最大的海拔段比北坡高100 m左右.气温升高是影响近十年以来研究区的冰川退缩加剧的根本原因, 将对区域水文和生态环境产生重大的影响.
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关键词:
- 气候变化 /
- 冰川退缩 /
- 青藏高原 /
- 念青唐古拉山西段冰川
Abstract: Three atmospheric/topographic corrected Landsat images (acquired form 17/03/1977, 05/02/2001, 06/02/2010) have been used to map the glacier extents using threshold ratio images (BAND4/BAND5) and ISODATA unsupervised classification, respectively. A few of manual editing was made to correct the outline at ice-lake contacts and at debris covered glaciers. Spatial-temporal distribution and changes of glaciers are analyzed based on GIS and RS. Results show that (1) The glacier in WNR covered 571.81±16.01 km2 in 2010, located mainly at the elevation zone of 5 500-6 200 m; (2) The glacier retreat is obvious in recent three decades, especially in the last decade. The glacier area had decreased by 22.42%±2.90% between 1977 and 2010. (3) Compared to the period 1977-2001, the glacier retreat rate in the last decade is higher. (4) The annual mean reduction of glacier area slows down in the elevation zone of lower 5 700 m, while it speeds up between 5 800-7 000 m. (5) In Lhasa River basin the elevation zone that the glacier reduction fastest is 100 m higher than that in the Namco basin. The Lhasa river basin glacier reduction was affected by the climate change and anthropogenic activities, while the glacier retreat in Namco basin was mainly caused by climate change. (6) The rate of glacier retreat is higher in Namco basin on the northern slope (23.6%±2.88%) of research area than those on the southern slope (21.97%±2.90%). And the elevation zone where the highest rate of glacier retreat during 2001-2010 is 200 m higher than those between 1977 and 2001. It indicates that the glaciers tend to shrink in higher elevation.-
Key words:
- climatic change /
- glacier retreat /
- Tibetan plateau /
- western Nyainqentanglha range
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图 1 研究区位置
Fig. 1. Location of the Lhasa River basin and the study area in Tibetan plateau, China
图 2 班戈、当雄和拉萨气象站1962-2008年逐月平均气温和降水量
Fig. 2. Monthly climatologies of air temperature (1962-2008, curve) and precipitation
图 3 去阴影前和去阴影后对比
Fig. 3. The comparison of before shadow removing and after shadow removing
图 4 1977年冰川提取范围示意
a为1977年MSS影像，b为1977年MSS影像和1976年Hexagon-9航片融合影像(波段组合：RGB=421)
Fig. 4. Glacier extent in 1977
图 5 不同年份(a)1977、(b)2001、(c)2010、(d)2007拉萨河流域冰川变化(局部)对比
圆圈标出同一冰川部位在不同影像中的同一位置，表示不同时相的冰川变化(MSS波段组合为RGB∶4, 2, 1;ETM+和TM波段组合为RGB∶5, 4, 3; Quickbird为RGB∶3, 2, 1)
Fig. 5. The region in the south of study area as seen in a false color composition in (a) 1977(MSS 4, 2, 1), (b) 2001 (ETM+ 5, 4, 3), (c) 2010 (TM 5, 4, 3) and (d) 2007
图 6 拉萨河流域(a)和纳木错流域(b)冰川面积在1977-2001年和2001-2010年2个时段随海拔高度变化的年平均减少面积变化率
Fig. 6. The rate change of annual mean glacier reduction area at each elevation zone of Lhasa River basin (a) and Namco basin (b) from 1977-2001 and 2001-2010
图 7 拉萨河流域和纳木错流域冰川在1977-2001，2001-2010，1977-2010年期间各海拔段变化情况
Fig. 7. The rate of glacier reduction area at each elevation zone of Lhasa River basin (red) and Namco basin (blue) in 1977-2001, 2001-2010, 1977-2010
图 8 念青唐古拉山西段地区1971-2010年均温、年降水变化趋势(3站平均)
Fig. 8. Variation tendency of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation during 1971-2010 in western Nyainqentanglha area
表 1 1977-2010年念青唐古拉山西段冰川不同区域的冰川分布和变化
Table 1. Glacier area and area changes in the south part of West Nyainqentanglha Range (1977-2010)
面积(km2) 1977-2001 2001-2010 1977-2010 1977 2001 2010 Δa1(km2) Δa2(%) Δa3(km2/a) Δa1(km2) Δa2(%) Δa3(km2/a) Δa1(km2) Δa2(%) Δa3(km2/a) 研究区 737.07 ±25.80 622.26 ±22.40 571.81 ±16.01 -114.81±24.10 -15.58±3.27 -4.59±0.96 -50.45±19.20 -8.11±3.09 -5.61±2.13 -165.26±21.40 -22.42±2.90 -4.86±0.63 纳木错流域 215.54 ±7.54 180.37 ±6.49 164.68 ±4.61 -35.17±7.00 -16.32±3.25 -1.41±0.28 -15.69±5.55 -8.70±3.08 -1.74±0.62 -50.86±6.21 -23.60±2.88 -1.50±0.18 拉萨河流域 486.58 ±17.03 409.60 ±14.75 379.69 ±10.63 -76.98±15.89 -15.82±3.27 -3.08±0.64 -29.91±13.20 -7.30±3.10 -3.32±1.41 -106.89±14.10 -21.97±2.90 -3.14±0.41 注：Δa1(km2)=发生变化的冰川面积；Δa2(%)=发生变化的冰川面积占冰川总面积的比例；Δa3(km2/a)=年均变化冰川面积. 
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表 2 1977-2010年西念青唐古拉南段冰川不同海拔梯高度的冰川分布和变化
Table 2. Distribution and change of glacier area in each elevation zone of West Nyainqentanglha Range from 1977-2010
海拔高度(m) 各年占冰川总面积比例(%) 面积变化(km2) 年均面积变化速率(km2/a) 1977 2001 2010 1977-2001 2001-2010 1977-2010 1977-2001 2001-2010 1977-2010 ＜5 200 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.01 -0.10 -0.003 6 -0.001 0 -0.002 9 5 200~5 300 0.16 0.14 0.13 -0.34 -0.12 -0.45 -0.013 5 -0.012 9 -0.013 3 5 300~5 400 0.39 0.36 0.32 -0.64 -0.39 -1.03 -0.025 5 -0.043 7 -0.030 3 5 400~5 500 1.28 0.82 0.70 -4.33 -1.11 -5.45 -0.173 4 -0.123 6 -0.160 2 5 500~5 600 4.67 3.09 2.69 -15.27 -3.81 -19.08 -0.610 7 -0.423 6 -0.561 1 5 600~5 700 11.50 9.65 9.34 -24.93 -6.67 -31.60 -0.997 2 -0.741 4 -0.929 5 5 700~5 800 19.31 19.24 19.43 -23.02 -8.61 -31.63 -0.920 9 -0.956 3 -0.930 3 5 800~5 900 23.97 25.42 26.10 -18.99 -8.91 -27.90 -0.759 7 -0.989 9 -0.820 6 5 900~6 000 19.76 21.02 21.33 -15.20 -8.85 -24.05 -0.607 9 -0.983 3 -0.707 2 6 000~6 100 11.54 12.23 11.98 -9.19 -7.58 -16.77 -0.367 7 -0.842 3 -0.493 3 6 100~6 200 4.14 4.55 4.47 -2.27 -2.76 -5.03 -0.090 9 -0.306 5 -0.148 0 6 200~6 300 1.44 1.64 1.62 -0.42 -0.91 -1.33 -0.016 7 -0.101 6 -0.039 2 6 300~6 400 0.46 0.55 0.55 0.02 -0.27 -0.25 0.000 8 -0.029 5 -0.007 3 6 400~6 500 0.23 0.27 0.27 -0.05 -0.12 -0.16 -0.001 9 -0.013 1 -0.004 8 6 500~6 600 0.22 0.25 0.26 -0.07 -0.08 -0.15 -0.002 8 -0.008 8 -0.004 4 6 600~6 700 0.22 0.25 0.25 -0.06 -0.10 -0.16 -0.002 6 -0.010 9 -0.004 8 6 700~6 800 0.20 0.23 0.24 -0.04 -0.05 -0.09 -0.001 6 -0.005 7 -0.002 7 6 800~6 900 0.12 0.15 0.16 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.000 6 -0.001 9 -0.000 9 6 900~7 000 0.08 0.09 0.10 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.000 5 0.000 1 -0.000 3 ＞7 000 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0 -0.000 4 -0.000 1
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