Genesis of Granitic Pegmatites and Enclosed Graphic Texture in the Tonglüshan Fe-Cu (Au) Skarn Deposit: Constraints from K-Feldspar 40Ar/39Ar Dating, Trace-Element Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusion Systematics
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摘要: 铜绿山Fe-Cu(Au)矿床是长江中下游铁铜成矿带最重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一，矿床的形成与铜绿山石英闪长岩岩株有关.矿区东南部发育有花岗伟晶岩，其形成时间介于石英闪长岩和矽卡岩之间.花岗伟晶岩主要由钾长石、斜长石和石英组成；由石英和钾长石组成的文象结构非常发育.激光阶段加热40Ar/39Ar定年表明，花岗伟晶岩的侵位时间为136.5±0.7 Ma(2σ)，与石英闪长岩的侵位时代和铜绿山矿床的成矿时代完全一致. 铜绿山石英闪长岩与花岗伟晶岩的钾长石具有非常相似的主量元素，平均组成分别为Or81Ab18和Or78Ab21.根据岩相学观察和地球化学分析认为，花岗伟晶岩中的文象结构是在快速冷却体系条件下、钾长石晶体生长边界层的SiO2和Al2O3浓度因生长不平衡发生周期性变化而导致石英和钾长石交替生长形成的.铜绿山石英闪长岩和花岗伟晶岩中钾长石的大离子亲石元素(LILE)含量均较高，但与前者相比，花岗伟晶岩中钾长石的Rb、Pb含量明显增加，Ba、Sr含量显著降低，Li、Cs含量略微降低.大离子亲石元素图解(Rb-Ba、La-Ba、K/Ba-Ba、Rb/Sr-Ba)指示花岗伟晶岩是铜绿山石英闪长岩岩浆晚期高度结晶分异演化的结果.但花岗伟晶岩钾长石中Pb、Li、Ga等元素的变化却与岩浆结晶分异演化趋势相悖，表明流体作用在花岗伟晶岩的形成过程中扮演了重要角色.花岗伟晶岩中的石英发育大量熔融包裹体和高盐度流体包裹体，后者的均一温度为260~435 ℃，进一步证实花岗伟晶岩是从流体-熔体共存体系中结晶的.Abstract: Tonglüshan Fe-Cu (Au) deposit is one of the largest skarn deposits in middle-lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, which is associated with the Early Cretaceous Yangxin quartz diorite stock. Granitic pegmatites are well developed in the southeast mining area, emplaced in the Yangxin quartz diorite pluton and cut by garnet-diopside skarn. The cross-cutting relationships thus indicate that the granitic pegmatites are temporarily intermediate between the quartz diorite and skarn. Granitic pegmatites consist mainly of K-feldspar, plagioclase, and quartz, with conspicuous graphic textures marked by intergrowths of K-feldspar and quartz. K-feldspar with graphic textures from one granitic pegmatite dike has been successfully dated by the 40Ar/39Ar laser microprobe incremental heating technique, yielding a well-defined plateau age of 136.0±1.0 Ma (2σ), which is interpreted to be the emplacement age of the granitic pegmatite dike. The age constraints indicate that the pegmatites formed coevally with the quartz diorite stock in the mine and related skarn Cu-Au mineralization. In situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) provides a wealth of information on the major and trace elements of K-feldspar from granitic pegmatites and quartz diorite. The average bulk compositions of K-feldspar from the pegmatite and quartz diorite are represented by Or81Ab18 and Or78Ab21, respectively. K-feldspar minerals with graphic textures have higher Si and lower Al than those without graphic texture. Textural and geochemical data indicate that graphic textures in the pegmatites resulted from alternating growth of K-feldspar and quartz due to dynamic alteration of the relative concentration of SiO2 and Al2O3 in areas proximal to the outer zone of growing K-feldspar crystals. Both K-feldspars from quartz diorite and granitic pegmatite are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), but the pegmatite contains more abundant Rb and Pb and lesser amounts of Ba, Sr, Li, and Cs. In the Rb-Ba, La-Ba, K/Ba-Ba, and Rb/Sr-Ba diagrams, samples of the pegmatite and quartz diorite display a trend predicted by the Rayleigh factional crystallization, indicating that the granitic pegmatite was generated by strong fractional crystallization of quartz dioritic magma. However, Pb, Li, and Ga deviate obviously from the trend of fractional crystallization, indicating these elements may have been complexed by a fluid phase. Abundance of melt and fluid inclusions in quartz minerals from the granitic pegmatites demonstrates that the pegmatite formed from melt and fluid coexisting system. This study provides a better understanding of the formation of pegmatites, exsolution of ore fluids from evolving magmas, and hydrothermal mineralization.
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Key words:
- granitic pegmatite /
- graphic texture /
- 40Ar/39Ar dating /
- Tonglüshan /
- trace elements /
- inclusions /
- fractional crystallization /
- ore deposit geology
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图 1 铜绿山矽卡岩型Fe-Cu (Au)矿床地质图(据余元昌等，1985)
Fig. 1. Geological map of the Tonglüshan Fe-Cu (Au) skarn deposit
图 2 铜绿山花岗伟晶岩野外素描及接触关系
a.花岗伟晶岩脉侵入石英闪长岩中，而花岗伟晶岩脉又被矽卡岩切割；b.花岗伟晶岩与矽卡岩的接触关系
Fig. 2. Sketch and photographs showing the cross-cutting relationship between pegmatite and skarn
图 3 花岗伟晶岩的典型矿物组成和结构特征
a.花岗伟晶岩岩脉中心钾长石(Kf)与斜长石(Pl)共生，文象结构不发育；b.磷灰石(Ap)呈针状分布于石英(Qz)中；c-d.花岗伟晶岩的文象结构，石英呈箭头状或菱形与钾长石共生；e.文象结构中石英呈叶片状和条带状形态；f.文象结构中钾长石颗粒间石英分布情况及各自的消光位.虚线为颗粒界限；短线代表钾长石的解理方向；Kf1和Kf2为不同消光位的钾长石
Fig. 3. Transmitted-light photomicrographs and sketch showing the mineralogy and texture of pegmatite
图 4 花岗伟晶岩中的包裹体类型
a.含石盐子晶的三相包裹体与富气相包裹体共存；b.含石盐三相流体包裹体；c.玻璃质熔融包裹体；d.含多个晶体的晶质熔融包裹体与含石盐子晶包裹体共生；e.含多个晶体的晶质熔融包裹体；f.含不透明矿物的熔融包裹体.Sal.NaCl子晶；V.气相；F.流体相；G.玻璃质硅酸盐；C.结晶矿物；Op.不透明矿物
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs showing the different types of fluid-inclusion in pegmatite
图 5 TLS-4花岗伟晶岩中具文象结构钾长石的40Ar/39Ar表观年龄谱(a)和反等时线(b)
Fig. 5. 40Ar/39Ar age spectra (a) and isochron (b) of K-feldspar with graphic texture in pegmatite
图 7 主量元素的相关性图解
a.SiO2-Al2O3图解，空心正方形为花岗伟晶岩(TLS-4)中不具文象结构钾长石，实心正方形为具有文象结构的钾长石；b.K-Na图解；c.K-Na+Ca+Ba+Rb+Sr图解；d.Na-Ca+Ba+Rb+Sr图解
Fig. 7. Relationship of the major elements
图 8 铜绿山石英闪长岩与花岗伟晶岩中钾长石的微量元素二元图解
h, i.模拟曲线为瑞利结晶分馏模型(Hanson, 1978)，分配系数采用KK=3(Kontak and Martin, 1997)；Rb, Sr.在钾长石中的分配系数采用Icenhower and London(1996)实验研究结果KRb=0.83、KSr=12，Ba的分配系数采用Icenhower and London(1996)实验结果KBa=20和与Kontak and Martin(1997)模拟采用较小分配系数相当的分配系数KBa=10
Fig. 8. Binary elements and ratio plots for selected trace elements for K-feldspars from the Tonglüshan quartz diorite and pegmatite
表 1 花岗伟晶岩中流体包裹体测试数据
Table 1. Summary of fluid inclusion micro-thermometry from the granitic pegmatites
类型 大小(μm) 气液比(%) Thal(℃) Tsyl(℃) Th(℃) 盐度(%) 三相 20 5 356 272 260 52.5 三相 12 20 400 - 287 47.4 三相 10 20 390 - 267 46.4 三相 8 20 370 - 294 44.3 三相 12 20 390 280 275 53.4 三相 10 15 400 - 270 47.4 三相 20 20 410 - 295 48.5 三相 16 20 435 - 366 51.4 三相 12 20 415 - 314 49.1 富液两相 10 20 - - 340 - 富液两相 10 15 - - 341 - 富液两相 8 15 - - 266 - 富气两相 12 75 - - 340 - 富气两相 10 70 - - 311 - 富气两相 14 75 - - 349 - 注：Thal为NaCl溶化温度；Tsyl为KCL溶化温度；Th为均一温度；盐度计算采用 Sterner et al.(1988) ；"-"表示不含子晶，无测试数据.
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表 2 铜绿山花岗伟晶岩中具有文象结构钾长石激光阶段加热40Ar/39Ar分析结果
Table 2. 40Ar/39Ar analytical data of graphic K-feldspar from granitic pegmatites, Tonglüshan
Run_ID Laser 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar 40*Ar/39Ar 40*Ar t ±2σ TLS39 (w) % Ma 4814-01A 0.2 156.80 0.024 9 0.80 0.458 4 20.0 12.73 129.90 8.60 4814-01B 0.3 23.25 0.003 3 0.05 0.009 4 20.5 87.95 132.95 0.94 4814-01C 0.4 21.44 0.003 0 -0.70 0.002 5 20.6 96.25 134.07 0.70 4814-01D 0.6 21.48 0.002 6 0.06 0.001 5 21.0 97.96 136.68 0.56 4814-01E 0.8 21.29 0.003 1 0.11 0.000 7 21.1 99.04 136.92 0.55 4814-01F 1.0 21.31 0.003 4 0.04 0.000 8 21.1 98.94 136.92 0.59 4814-01G 1.2 21.28 0.003 9 0.22 0.001 1 21.0 98.47 136.14 0.59 4814-01H 1.5 21.58 0.002 7 0.16 0.002 0 21.0 97.25 136.31 0.57 4814-01I 2.0 21.66 0.002 8 0.10 0.002 1 21.0 97.13 136.63 0.49 4814-01J 2.8 21.53 0.002 0 0.05 0.002 0 20.9 97.18 135.91 0.44 4814-01K 3.7 21.75 0.002 6 0.27 0.002 3 21.1 96.89 136.87 0.49 4814-01L 4.5 21.78 0.002 3 0.25 0.002 8 20.9 96.18 136.09 0.60 J值 ±2σ 40Ar 39Ar 38Ar 37Ar 36Ar Moles 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 1.39×10-14 8.89×10-17 2.21×10-18 7.11×10-17 4.08×10-17 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 7.22×10-15 3.10×10-16 1.01×10-18 1.55×10-17 2.91×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 1.03×10-14 4.81×10-16 1.42×10-18 -3.37×10-16 1.20×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 2.30×10-14 1.07×10-15 2.81×10-18 6.42×10-17 1.58×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 2.35×10-14 1.11×10-15 3.38×10-18 1.22×10-16 7.78×10-19 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 1.91×10-14 8.98×10-16 3.02×10-18 3.59×10-17 6.84×10-19 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 1.58×10-14 7.43×10-16 2.88×10-18 1.63×10-16 8.47×10-19 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 2.06×10-14 9.53×10-16 2.55×10-18 1.53×10-16 1.93×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 3.00×10-14 1.39×10-15 3.86×10-18 1.39×10-16 2.91×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 4.67×10-14 2.17×10-15 4.27×10-18 9.97×10-17 4.42×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 4.81×10-14 2.21×10-15 5.72×10-18 5.91×10-16 5.14×10-18 0.003 74 9.00×10-6 2.82×10-14 1.30×10-15 2.94×10-18 3.24×10-16 3.69×10-18
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表 3 铜绿山石英闪长岩和花岗伟晶岩中钾长石主微量元素分析结果
Table 3. Major and trace elements analytical data of K-feldspar from quartz diorite and granitic pegmatices, Tonglüshan
编号 SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O K2O CaO Total An Ab Or Fe Li Ga Rb Sr Cs Ba La Ce Pb K/Rb K/Ba Rb/Sr Ba/Rb % 1×10-6 TLS-3-1-1# 65.4 19.6 1.98 12.3 0.07 99.28 0.4 19.6 80.0 2 061.5 7.85 28.8 172 1 361 0.74 1 146 0.54 0.35 13.5 591.7 107.0 0.1 6.67 TLS-3-1-2# 64.7 20.1 1.71 12.4 0.03 98.89 0.2 17.2 82.6 740.0 11.2 55.2 252 899 0.78 7 225 1.19 0.42 9.50 408.5 17.2 0.3 28.63 TLS-3-1-3 65.6 19.5 1.27 13.2 0.05 99.58 0.3 12.7 87.0 1 232.8 6.86 39.9 288 499 0.69 1 010 0.41 0.21 1.75 378.8 130.3 0.6 3.50 TLS-3-1-4 66.9 18.9 0.85 12.9 0.00 99.51 0.0 9.1 90.9 748.0 16.5 31.2 288 647 0.91 2 285 1.02 0.24 3.19 370.3 56.3 0.4 7.93 TLS-3-2-1# 66.3 19.3 2.45 11.2 0.09 99.41 0.5 24.9 74.6 763.4 7.47 38.3 263 642 0.99 2 905 0.80 0.19 4.17 353.0 38.5 0.4 11.04 TLS-3-2-2# 64.6 20.6 2.41 11.7 0.03 99.35 0.1 23.8 76.1 1 824.9 11.8 34.6 270 373 1.22 1 661 0.23 0.036 1.71 360.7 70.5 0.7 6.16 TLS-3-2-3 63.8 20.9 0.89 13.9 0.04 99.50 0.2 8.9 90.9 800.0 4.59 28.0 335 662 1.52 1 834 0.51 0.13 2.46 344.5 75.8 0.5 5.48 TLS-3-2-4 63.3 21.2 1.39 13.4 0.12 99.45 0.6 13.5 85.9 872.9 1.03 30.0 231 766 0.64 2 216 2.32 0.50 4.53 482.5 60.5 0.3 9.61 TLS-3-3-1# 65.8 19.8 3.39 10.3 0.20 99.45 1.1 33.1 65.9 1 001.5 8.52 27.4 231 737 0.94 1 538 0.97 0.34 3.45 368.3 66.7 0.3 6.65 TLS-3-3-2# 65.3 20.1 3.03 10.6 0.30 99.35 1.6 29.8 68.6 1 325.0 8.47 29.4 222 756 0.73 1 423 1.36 0.56 3.62 396.8 74.6 0.3 6.41 TLS-3-3-3 65.0 19.8 1.12 13.6 0.08 99.53 0.4 11.1 88.5 1 104.2 13.1 27.7 295 618 0.72 1 426 1.13 0.22 2.34 381.9 95.2 0.5 4.83 TLS-3-3-4 64.4 20.1 1.23 13.1 0.24 99.07 1.3 12.4 86.3 2 461.0 3.09 29.6 250 820 0.72 1 447 1.30 0.48 3.50 433.2 90.2 0.3 5.79 TLS-4-1* 63.9 21.0 2.51 12.3 0.06 99.73 0.3 23.7 76.0 886.5 4.57 22.1 341 189 1.34 222 2.44 0.57 15.8 298.9 552.7 1.8 0.65 TLS-4-2* 64.3 20.7 2.63 12.0 0.11 99.75 0.6 24.9 74.5 782.1 3.16 20.6 327 212 0.98 138 1.78 0.69 24.9 303.7 866.3 1.5 0.42 TLS-4-3* 64.1 20.7 1.89 13.0 0.05 99.74 0.3 18.1 81.6 916.9 3.09 16.8 335 196 1.54 210 2.08 0.38 13.5 321.7 619.7 1.7 0.63 TLS-4-4* 64.1 20.7 1.80 13.1 0.00 99.82 0.0 17.2 82.8 666.3 4.61 21.8 340 151 1.50 119 1.62 0.28 9.08 320.5 1101.5 2.3 0.35 TLS-4-5 64.4 20.2 1.69 13.4 0.06 99.79 0.3 16.0 83.7 870.0 4.31 17.2 379 140 1.32 14.2 3.01 0.68 15.4 292.7 9410.8 2.7 0.04 TLS-4-6 64.5 20.4 2.46 12.4 0.04 99.78 0.2 23.1 76.7 1 025.5 4.67 18.9 372 24.2 1.28 15.7 2.26 0.43 12.2 277.5 7921.5 15.4 0.04 TLS-4-7 65.0 20.2 3.14 11.3 0.12 99.80 0.6 29.4 70.0 679.9 4.44 21.4 355 45.2 0.78 19.7 3.64 1.26 13.9 265.4 5762.0 7.8 0.06 TLS-4-8 65.0 20.0 2.44 12.3 0.09 99.76 0.5 23.1 76.5 974.2 3.92 20.2 353 66.6 0.80 16.0 3.07 1.17 14.9 289.4 7692.8 5.3 0.05 TLS-4-9 65.6 19.4 1.90 12.9 0.00 99.82 0.0 18.3 81.7 589.6 3.18 18.0 351 236 0.69 176 1.45 0.38 6.20 304.6 733.7 1.5 0.50 TLS-4-10 65.1 19.9 2.26 12.5 0.04 99.78 0.2 21.6 78.2 746.2 4.83 18.8 335 210 0.81 92.9 2.00 0.29 10.7 309.4 1343.6 1.6 0.28 TLS-4-11 64.9 20.0 2.14 12.7 0.03 99.78 0.2 20.3 79.5 740.3 3.47 22.3 381 101 1.49 129 1.39 0.30 11.7 276.5 985.0 3.8 0.34 TLS-4-12 65.2 19.7 2.24 12.5 0.07 99.74 0.4 21.4 78.2 937.4 5.53 22.2 328 169 0.81 158 1.90 0.56 12.5 316.3 789.6 1.9 0.48 注：TLS-3分析点中带#为钾长石核部的化学成分，不带#为边部；TLS-4分析点中带*为不具文象结构钾长石分析结果，不带*为具有文象结构钾长石成分.
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