Multi-Stage Tectonic Exhumation Processes of Ultrahigh-Pressure (UHP) Metamorphic Rocks in the Dabie-Sulu Area, East-Central China
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摘要: 追溯和重塑超高压变质岩由100多千米地幔深度折返至上地壳及地表的过程，对理解会聚板块边缘及大陆碰撞带的运动学和动力学是极为重要的.主要依据构造学、岩石学、地球化学和可利用的地质年代学资料，结合区域多期变形分析，大别-苏鲁区超高压变质岩的折返过程至少可分解出4个大的阶段.块状榴辉岩记录了三叠纪(约250~230 Ma)大陆壳岩石的深俯冲/碰撞作用.超高压变质岩早期迅速折返发生于超高压峰期变质作用(P＞3.1~4.0 GPa，T≈800±50 ℃)之后，处于地幔深度和柯石英稳定域，相当于区域D2变形期阶段.分别与区域变形期D3、D4和D5对应的折返过程，以及后成合晶、冠状体等卸载不平衡结构发育和减压部分熔融作用2个中间性构造热事件，均发生在地壳层次. 网络状剪切带在折返过程的不同阶段和不同层次均有发育，标志着在超高压变质带内的变质和变形分解作用曾重复进行.着重指出，超高压变质岩的折返，主要是由大陆壳的深俯冲/碰撞和伸展作用控制的构造过程，且受到俯冲带内、带外诸多因素的约束，其中水流体就起关键作用.Abstract: Exhumation processes of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, by which these deep-seated rocks were rapidly returned from mantle depths of more than 100 km within deep subduction zones into the upper crust and to the surface, are of paramount importance for the understanding of the kinematics and dynamics of convergent plate margins and continental collision belts. At least four large successive stages of the exhumation process of UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu area, east-central China, mainly based on structural, petrological, geochemical data and available geochronological data, combined with previously regional polyphased deformation analyses, can be distinguished. Massive eclogites recorded the deep continental subduction/collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons during the Triassic (~250-230 Ma).The early exhumation occurred after the peak of UHP metamorphism at conditions of up to > 3.1-4.0 GPa and 800±50 ℃, which may correspond to the D2 regional deformation phase and took place at mantle depths, displaying the model of vertical ductile extrusion, within the coesite stability field. The subsequent exhumation stages, corresponding with D3, D4 and D5 regional deformation phase, respectively, and two intermediate tectono-thermal events, i.e., the formation of the granulite/amphibolite facies symplectite or corona and the generation of extensive partial melting, occurred in crustal levels. Shear zones of an anastomosing rheological type were developed at diffterent stages and depths, indicating that the partitioning of deformation and metamorphism within the UHP metamorphic belt repeated. These imply that the exhumation of the UHP rocks is a complex tectonic process, in response to subduction/collision or extension of the continental crust, and is strongly constrained by a number of internal and external factors of the belt. In particular, fluids play important roles in the exhumation process of UHP rocks in the Dabie-Sulu area, east-central China.
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图 1 大别-苏鲁区构造略图(据Suo et al., 2005修改)
CC.核杂岩单位；UHP.超高压单位；HP.高压单位；EB.绿帘-蓝片岩单位；SC.沉积盖层单位；LDZ.下拆离带；MDZ.中拆离带；UDZ.上拆离带；TDZ.顶拆离带；SDF.商丹断裂带；GMF.龟梅断裂带；NBMXF.娘娘庙-八里畈-磨子潭-晓天剪切(断裂)带；NHY.北淮阳构造带；XGF.襄樊-广济断裂带；WYF.五莲-烟台剪切(断裂)带；TLF.郯庐断裂带.右下方插图表示大别-苏鲁造山带核部地壳构造柱
Fig. 1. Simplified tectonic map of the Dabie-Sulu area showing major petrotectonic units, structural framework and detachment zones formed by extensional thinning, as well as tectonic pile of the UHP-HP metamorphic belt
图 2 大别-苏鲁区代表性的超高压变质岩显微及露头尺度照片
a.块状榴辉岩(标本号r-2-11-7-2)，单偏光，视域宽约4 mm，大别山碧溪岭；b.块状榴辉岩中绿辉石晶体内具放射状结构的多晶柯石英假像(标本号Ⅰ-2-2)，正交偏光，视域宽约1.3 mm，江苏省东海县碱场；c.面理化榴辉岩(r-205)，正交偏光，视域宽约4 mm，大别山碧溪岭；d.面理化榴辉岩形成的鞘状褶皱，地质锤把长约35 cm；e.发育麻粒岩-角闪岩相卸载不平衡后成合晶及冠状体结构的退变质面理化榴辉岩(标本号S-r-19-3)，单偏光，视域宽约5 mm，山东省荣城大疃，其中S2表示面理化榴辉岩的主面理；f.层状糜棱岩化斜长角闪岩(样品号S-r-17-4)，单偏光，视域宽约5 mm，山东省文登泽库，其中S、C分别为糜棱岩的片理面和剪切面；g.围岩片麻岩及面理化含榴花岗岩形成的平卧褶皱，地质锤把长约35 cm，安徽省潜山三祖寺；h.近水平对称面理布丁构造，布丁间隙由含石英的绿泥石物质充填，铁锤把长约35 cm，湖北省麻城何家湾.Grt.石榴子石；Omp.绿辉石；Rt.金红石；Coe.柯石英(假象)；Qtz.石英；Phe.多硅白云母；Ky.蓝晶石；Zo.黝帘石；Sym.后成合晶；Bt.黑云母；Hbe.角闪石
Fig. 2. Representative photomicrographs and outcrop-scale photographs of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu area
图 3 碰撞造山带内高压-超高压变质岩可能的折返运动学模式(据Froitzheim et al., 2003)
a.侵蚀作用；b.伸展作用；c.挤出作用；d.上覆地幔楔向下抽拉作用.星号代表高压-超高压变质地体
Fig. 3. Possible kinematic models of exhumation of high- and ultrafigh-pressure metamorphic rocks
图 4 露头尺度块状榴辉岩透镜体与面理化榴辉岩间几何学和运动学关系
Fig. 4. Outcrop sketches showing the local geometric and kinematic relationships between lenses of massive eclogite and foliated eclogite
图 5 山东省荣城岳家陡立构造带剖面简图
Fig. 5. Simplified cross-section showing a steep structural belt in Yuejia, Rongcheng, northeastern Shandong
图 6 韧性伸展薄化作用的应变和运动学标志
a, b.非共轴剪切变形且沿着向南或南西缓倾斜面理正向剪切滑动(四道河)；c, d.共轴纯剪切变形和近水平方向伸展流动(分别位于麻城大河背及何家湾)
Fig. 6. Field sketches showing strain and kinematic indicaters for the structures acquired by ductile extensional thinning
图 7 大别-苏鲁区超高压变质岩的减压退变构造折返示意
减压退变P-T轨迹示意据张泽明等(2006)；D1，D2，D3，D4和D5，分别为UHP变质峰期变形及不同折返阶段变形记录示意.变质相代号：PP.葡萄石绿纤石相；PA.绿纤石阳起石相；GS.绿片岩相；BS.蓝片岩相；EA.绿帘角闪岩相；AM.角闪岩相；GR.麻粒岩相；EC.榴辉岩相
Fig. 7. Synoptic illustrations explaining the tectonic exhumation of UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu area
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