Aquatic Environmental Conditions Responsible for Kashin-Beck Disease in Ruo'ergai County, Sichuan Province, China
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摘要: 为了从水环境的角度阐述大骨节病的成因机制, 以大骨节病高发的四川省若尔盖县为研究区, 系统采集了作为饮用水源的地下水和地表水样38件, 测试了其化学成分, 发现水中的常规组分和微量组分都偏低, 且饮用地表水较地下水更容易患病.通过水化学特征分析, 表明水环境中多种组分含量异常是导致病发的重要因素, 并从水动力和水化学方面解释了其组分含量异常的原因.采用因子分析的方法, 结合当地的区域水文地质条件, 进一步揭示了大骨节病发生机制与饮用水中P、F、Se和Mn 4种组分的含量密切相关, 饮用水中这4种组分含量越低, 大骨节病的发病率就越高.Abstract: This paper focuses on the aquatic environmental conditions responsible for kashin-beck disease (KBD) within the Ruo'ergai County of Sichuan Province. A total of 38 groundwater and surface water samples were collected during September 2008. The water quality data sets in this research include major cations, anions, and trace elements. The results indicate that the drinking water in the KBD area has relatively low contents in both the major and trace elements and people drinking the surface water there are more likely to become KBD victims. Combined with the hydrological and hydrochemical evidence, it reveals that the KBD mainly results from the abnormal contents of multiple constituents in the drinking water. The multivariate analytical method factor analysis (FA) results further indicate that the KBD prevalence in the study area has close relationship with P, F, Se, Mn contents in drinking water and the lower the P, F, Se, and Mn contents are, the more the KBD cases are invloved.
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Key words:
- kashin-beck disease /
- groundwater geochemistry /
- factor analysis /
- Ruo'ergai County /
- pathogenic factor
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图 1 水样采集地大骨节病患病率分布
Fig. 1. Kashin-beck disease prevalence distribution at sampling sites
图 2 地表水(a)和地下水(b)三线图
Fig. 2. Piper diagrams of surface water samples (a) and groundwater samples (b)
表 1 地下水和地表水中常量、微量组分含量及患病率
Table 1. Major and trace element contents in drinking water and related KBD prevalence
指标 地下水 地表水 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 EC(μS) 1 081 202 433.3 471 81.9 269.7 As(mg/L) 0.200 9 0(< DL) 0.072 9 0.066 6 0(< DL) 0.046 7 Ca(mg/L) 141.762 9 0.787 2 56.531 8 66.129 8 2.069 36.215 9 K(mg/L) 5.631 2 0(< DL) 1.032 1 3.509 5 0(< DL) 0.282 1 Mg(mg/L) 60.024 8 6.535 9 25.529 1 47.948 2.791 7 15.730 7 Na(mg/L) 40.926 1 2.278 9.272 3 22.585 6 1.397 8 5.166 4 P(mg/L) 2.212 0.002 0.327 01 2.273 0.002 0.178 0 S(mg/L) 53.99 0.007 8.704 4 5.248 0.005 1 1.636 2 Si(mg/L) 7.84 0(< DL) 5.616 5 6.36 0(< DL) 3.546 F(mg/L) 0.926 0.102 0.316 1.688 0.028 0.172 Cl(mg/L) 102.068 2.759 16.207 13.730 2.567 4.444 NO3(mg/L) 52.251 0.000 8.888 2.534 0.618 1.314 SO4(mg/L) 209.103 2.924 33.013 16.871 1.717 6.577 HCO3(mg/L) 501.890 146.264 276.561 355.549 60.227 190.277 Mn(mg/L) 0.651 2 0.012 1 0.101 0 0.145 9 0.013 0.036 0 Se(μg/L) 1.869 8 0.185 6 0.752 7 0.774 8 0.091 2 0.455 3 患病率(%) 30.5 0.2 14.7 21.1 0 6.7 
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表 2 地下水患病率(KBDP)与饮水中常量组分相关系数
Table 2. Correlation matrix of element contents and KBD prevalence in groundwater
KBDP Ca Mg Mn Na P Se Si F Cl NO3 SO4 HCO3 KBDP 1 -0.120 -0.121- -0.150 -0.083 -0.207 -0.217 0.093 -0.252 -0.173 -0.187 -0.056 -0.117 Ca 1 0.373 0.848 0.868 -0.590 -0.557 0.724 -0.531 0.827 0.880 0.822 0.814 Mg 1 0.486 0.483 -0.180 -0.129 -0.006 0.022 0.468 0.385 0.593 0.745 Mn 1 0.985 -0.119 -0.073 0.292 -0.066 0.998 0.965 0.988 0.856 Na 1 -0.172 -0.128 0.322 -0.105 0.982 0.954 0.981 0.872 P 1 0.998 -0.892 0.952 -0.076 -0.192 -0.124 -0.270 Se 1 -0.890 0.962 -0.032 -0.152 -0.076 -0.219 Si 1 -0.914 0.253 0.398 0.256 0.307 F 1 -0.031 -0.164 -0.056 -0.095 Cl 1 0.963 0.985 0.838 NO3 1 0.943 0.810 SO4 1 0.885 HCO3 1
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表 3 地表水患病率(KBDP)与饮用水常量组分相关系数
Table 3. Correlation matrix of element contents and KBD prevalence in surface water
KBDP Ca Mg Mn Na P Se Si F Cl NO3 SO4 HCO3 KBDP 1 0.387 0.203 -0.356 0.170 -0.536 -0.519 0.461 -0.589 -0.563 0.360 0.195 0.119 Ca 1 0.254 0.203 0.238 -0.767 -0.747 0.850 -0.763 -0.557 0.118 -0.153 0.267 Mg 1 -0.263 0.667 0.018 0.022 0.087 0.004 -0.004 0.274 0.687 0.832 Mn 1 -0.111 -0.095 -0.107 0.347 -0.028 -0.016 -0.299 -0.405 -0.054 Na 1 -0.170 -0.180 0.082 -0.196 -0.033 0.099 0.742 0.495 P 1 0.933 -0.797 0.872 0.869 0.023 0.301 0.127 Se 1 -0.773 0.896 0.682 0.074 0.205 0.144 Si 1 -0.753 -0.643 -0.019 -0.301 0.173 F 1 0.598 0.042 0.111 0.105 Cl 1 -0.131 0.384 0.064 NO3 1 0.031 0.380 SO4 1 0.572 HCO3 1
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表 4 四次方最大旋转因子荷载结果
Table 4. Rotated component matrix
指标 地下水 地表水 因子1 因子2 因子3 因子4 因子1 因子2 因子3 因子4 因子5 EC 0.926 0.069 0.350 0.004 -0.082 0.877 0.236 0.293 0.057 As 0.036 -0.328 0.684 0.134 0.965 0.106 0.099 0.025 -0.038 Ca 0.852 -0.480 -0.030 0.101 0.802 0.250 0.261 0.179 -0.003 Mg 0.317 0.058 0.872 -0.237 0.030 0.888 -0.040 0.179 0.200 Mn 0.194 -0.034 -0.059 0.958 0.135 -0.232 0.854 -0.189 -0.182 Na 0.982 -0.045 0.033 0.036 0.171 0.837 -0.110 -0.326 -0.238 P -0.108 0.949 -0.259 0.042 -0.982 0.059 0.103 0.044 0.040 S 0.981 -0.027 0.067 0.049 0.488 0.746 -0.318 -0.206 -0.054 Se 0.552 0.712 -0.419 -0.067 0.313 0.178 -0.191 0.847 -0.145 Si 0.265 -0.823 -0.055 0.305 0.868 0.104 0.340 0.186 0.063 Sr 0.955 -0.066 0.087 -0.049 0.399 0.860 -0.153 0.083 0.106 F -0.045 0.938 0.013 0.185 -0.902 -0.040 0.135 -0.007 0.158 Cl 0.979 0.034 -0.074 0.093 -0.834 0.142 0.149 0.061 -0.254 NO3 0.962 -0.082 -0.188 -0.019 0.027 0.316 -0.173 -0.127 0.864 SO4 0.984 0.016 0.037 0.045 -0.266 0.856 -0.270 -0.163 -0.119 HCO3 0.731 -0.037 0.598 -0.040 -0.044 0.835 0.303 0.155 0.316 方差贡献率 52.103 19.338 12.582 7.214 33.909 32.996 8.751 7.297 7.040 累积方差贡献率 52.103 71.441 84.023 91.236 33.909 66.905 75.656 82.953 89.993
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