青藏高原东北缘若尔盖盆地黄土的成因

盛海洋

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2010.007

青藏高原东北缘若尔盖盆地黄土的成因

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2010.007

盛海洋^{1, 2,}

1.
南京交通职业技术学院公路工程系，江苏南京 211188
2.
西安科技大学地质与环境学院，陕西西安 710054

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 1212010510304

国家自然科学基金项目 40372084

江苏省高校青蓝工程项目苏教师2006-21

详细信息

作者简介:
盛海洋(1963-)，男，教授，理学博士，主要从事第四纪地质研究.E-mail: Wan4400@163.com

中图分类号: P588.23
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2009-07-23
- 刊出日期: 2010-01-01

Zoigê Basin Loess Origin in the Northeast Tibet Plateau

SHENG Hai-yang^{1, 2
,}

1.
Department of Highway Engineering, Nanjing Communications Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211188, China
2.
College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China

摘要

摘要: 通过对盆地黄土的粒度组分、石英砂的表面结构以及其它地质现象的综合研究，对若尔盖盆地黄土成因进行了探讨.在黄土的概率累计曲线上，跃进组分和悬移组分反映明显，以悬移组分为主，并采用矩阵法计算了黄土的粒度参数.对黄土扫描电镜观察和石英颗粒表面特征的统计分析，反映出气流搬运的特点，以发育碟形坑为其主要标志，具有风成环境的表面特征组合.黄土中孢粉稀少，并在邻区黄土层中发现有冰楔构造.根据上述特征分析出，若尔盖盆地黄土应为冰缘风成黄土.以测年资料为依据，黄土形成年代主要为马兰期茶镇梁子黄土和离石期索克藏寺黄土.
- 若尔盖盆地 /
- 黄土 /
- 粒度 /
- 石英颗粒 /
- 孢粉 /
- 地层学 /
- 青藏高原
Abstract: Loess origin of Zoigê basin has been discussed based on synthetic study in grain compositions of the loess, surface texture of quartz sand, as well as other geological phenomena. On the probability cumulative curve of loess, saltation mass and suspension are obvious, and the latter is dominant. Matrix method is adopted to compute grain size of the loess. The statistic analysis on quartz sand surface textures of loess through scanning electron microscope shows the features of air transportation, developed dishing pit, and combined profile features of Aeolian environment. In addition, sporo-pollens are scarce in the loess and ice-wedges are discovered in the neighboring loess strata. The above analysis shows that Zoigê basin loess is Aeolian sediment in the periglacial environment, the age of loess formation mainly are Chazhenliangzi loess of Malan period and Suokezang Temple loess of Lishi period.
- Zoigê basin /
- loess /
- grain /
- quartz grain size /
- sporopollen /
- stratigraphy /
- Tibet plateau

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图 1 若尔盖高原盆地三维立体地貌(据中国地质科学院地质力学研究所资料修改，2005；比例尺为1∶2 800 000^①)

Fig. 1. Three-dimensional surface picture in Zoigê basin

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图 2 黄土-古土壤堆积序列

1.黄土；2.古土壤；3.角砾石层；4.细砂层；5.含砾粘土；6.砂砾石层

Fig. 2. Pile up order picture of the loess and fossil soil

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图 3 唐克索克藏寺黄土冲沟

Fig. 3. Loess alluvial ditch in Tangke Suokezang Temple

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图 4 黄土粒度分布概率累计曲线

a.为折线图；b.为三维折线图；横坐标φ=-log₂d，d为颗粒直径，以单位mm计算

Fig. 4. Cumulative curve on arithemetic probability graph paper for grain size distribution of Loess

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图 5 石英颗粒表面特征

a.次棱角状颗粒；b.次球状颗粒；c.压刻坑和后期的溶蚀；d.碟形坑；e.贝壳状断口；f.撞击沟；g.阶梯状断口；h.化学沉淀

Fig. 5. Surface texture of quartz grain size of loess

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图 6 黄土石英砂表面特征频率曲线

Fig. 6. Frequency curve of surface texture of quartz sand in the loess

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图 7 黄土石英砂表面特征频率曲线(据四川地质调查院，2006^②)

图中纵坐标刻度含义：1.化学沉积；2.方向性蚀坑；3.溶蚀坑；4.鳞片状剥落；5.曲脊；6.新月形撞击坑；7.碟形撞击坑；8.圆球状颗粒；9.次圆状颗粒；10.直撞击沟和弯撞击沟；11.V形撞击坑；12.撞击坑；13.次棱角状颗粒；14.平整的解理面；15.阶梯状断口；16.大贝壳状断口；17.小贝壳状断口；18.擦痕或刻痕；19.平行擦痕；20.棱角状颗粒

Fig. 7. Frequency curve of surface texture of quartz sand in the loess

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图 8 杂希塘沟沟口剖面(据李世杰等(1990)修改)

1.泥炭；2.砂砾层；3.砂与粉砂；4.冻融褶皱

Fig. 8. Ditch mouth section in Zaxitang ditch

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图 9 黄土层中古冰楔(据王运生等(2003)修改)

1.黄土；2.岩屑堆积；3.古土壤；4.古冰楔

Fig. 9. Ancient freeze wedge of the loess layer

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图 10 黄土层中的岩屑及姜石

Fig. 10. Rock trivial and jiangshi of the loess layer

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图 11 茶镇梁子长江、黄河两大水系分水岭

Fig. 11. Watershed between the two big river systems of the Yellow River and Yangtze River at Chazhenliangzi

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图 12 孢粉图

Fig. 12. Sporopollen plate

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表 1 若尔盖盆地黄土ESR测定结果

Table 1. Results of thermoluminescentt dating of loess in the Zoigê basin

实验号	野外号	采样地点	古剂量(Gy)	年剂量(mGy)	年龄(ka BP)
M4	TK010	索克藏寺	766.7	5.99	128.0±13.0
M5	TK019	索克藏寺	142.3	4.92	29.0±3.0
M6	D421302	茶镇梁子	415.5	8.99	46.0±5.0
M7	D421203	茶镇梁子	151.6	6.19	24.0±2.0
P6	PM107ESR1	阿蒙沟	750.0	5.97	125.0±12.0
P5	PM107ESR2	阿蒙沟	227.2	6.24	36.0±4.0
P8	PM107ESR6	阿蒙沟	70.0	5.31	13.0±2.0

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表 2 黄土的粒度参数

Table 2. Grain size parameters of loess

样号	层序	岩性	采样深度	粒度参数
样号	层序	岩性	(m)	中值粒φ	平均粒φ	分选系数r₁	偏度SK₁	峰态KG
TK024	8	灰黄色黄土	6.5	6.18 7654 575	6.520 913 836	2.156 898 415	0.787 266 194	1.518 276
TK023	7	古土壤	7.2	7.374 314 299	7.765 047 595	3.758 331 873	0.514 585 242	0.720 281
TK022	6	红黄色黄土	8.4	6.922 089 823	6.029 317 419	2.884 532 742	0.719 693 176	1.507 022
TK021	5	古土壤	9.1	7.185 579 189	7.537 465 567	3.598 265 253	0.556 528 031	0.894 425
TK020	4	红黄色黄土	11.6	6.687 911 091	6.183 406 773	2.165 302 557	0.752 754 082	1.531 245
TK019	3	古土壤	12.0	8.255 597 758	8.271 893 572	3.864 909 498	0.518 950 612	1.072 959
TK018	2	红黄色黄土	13.3	6.828 649 679	6.014 104 475	2.160 512 037	0.763 613 909	1.503 031
TK017	1	古土壤	14.5	8.196 634 075	8.263 689 309	3.690 981 479	0.507 278 576	1.000 882

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表 3 黄土的粒度参数对比

Table 3. Grain size parameters of loess

样号	岩性	粒度参数
样号	岩性	中值粒径φ	平均粒径φ	分选系数r₁	偏度SK₁	峰态KG
若尔盖	黄土	6.625	6.221	2.465	0.687	1.518
若尔盖	古土壤	7.751	7.864	3.698	0.515	0.873
甘孜	黄土	6.341	6.613	3.024	0.623	1.312
甘孜	古土壤	8.576	8.145	3.712	0.441	0.902
阿坝	黄土	6.543	6.673	2.753	0.712	1.243
阿坝	古土壤	7.215	7.109	3.184	0.654	1.321
兰州	黄土	5.646	5.683	3.241	0.731	2.893
兰州	古土壤	6.652	6.864	2.923	0.542	1.143
洛川	黄土	6.325	6.043	2.984
洛川	古土壤	6.323	6.312	3.312
注：据王建民和潘保田(1997)资料补充.

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表 4 黄土层中的孢粉鉴定

Table 4. Sporopollen appraising of loess

	乔木Abors		草本Herbs
冷杉Abies	4粒D421405, 4粒D421406, 2粒D421407, 3粒D421408	禾本科Gramineae	2粒D421405, 2粒D421406, 2粒D421407, 1粒D421408, 2粒D421412
栎属Quercus	8粒D421405, 8粒D421406, 3粒D421407	蒿属Artemisia	2粒D421405, 2粒D421406, 5粒D421407, 6粒D421408, 5粒D421412
松属Pinus	3粒TK024, 2粒D421405, 2粒D421406, 10粒D421407	莎草科Cyperaceae	2粒TK024, 15粒D421405, 15粒D421406, 21粒D421407, 11粒D421408
榆属Ulmus	2粒D421405, 2粒D421406, 2粒D421407, 1粒D421408	菊科Compositae	3粒D421405, 3粒D421406, 5粒D421407, 2粒D421408
榛Corylus	5粒D421405, 5粒D421406, 1粒D421407, 4粒D421408	毛莨科Ranunculaceae	1粒TK024, 2粒D421405, 2粒D421406
桦木属Betula	1粒D421405, 1粒D421406, 1粒D421407	藜科Chenopodiaceae	3粒D421407, 1粒D421409, 1粒D421412
桤木属Alnus	2粒D421406, 1粒D421407	蓼科Polygonum	1粒TK024, 1粒D421406
胡桃Walnut	1粒D421405, 1粒D421406	蕨类Ferns
柳属Salix	4粒D421408	水龙骨科Polypodiaceae	3粒D421405, 3粒D421406, 1粒D421407
鹅耳枥属Carpinus	2粒D421407	卷柏Selaginellaceae	1粒D421408
桤木属Alnus	2粒D421405	紫萁属Osmunda	1粒D421408
杜鹃花属Rhododendron	1粒D421408
云杉Picea	1粒D421407
蔷薇科Rosa	1粒D421408

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