Compositions and Distribution of Living Planktonic Foraminifera in Autumn Waters of the Northern South China Sea
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摘要: 对2004年9月采自南海北部海区19个站位40个垂直浮游拖网样品中的活体浮游有孔虫进行了定量分析, 探讨了该区秋季现代有孔虫的组成、分布及其影响因素.研究表明, 该区秋季现代浮游有孔虫以热带暖水群落为主, 呈现出明显的区域变化.浮游有孔虫的丰度主要呈西北高、东南低的分布格局.浅层水种G. sacculifer和G. ruber的高含量主要出现在近岸带; N. dutertrei的高含量主要出现在外陆架和陆坡区域; G. menardii的高含量主要出现在深水区域; G. calida和G. aequilateralis两水种的含量分布有明显的相似性, 主要出现在深水区, 在越南岸外站位其含量远高出区域其他站位.研究认为, 南海北部秋季水体浮游有孔虫的分布主要受初级生产力和水深的共同制约, 高初级生产力水平下浮游有孔虫的丰度明显要高, 水深则对中深层水种G. menardii、G. calida和G. aequilateralis的分布有明显的制约作用.南海北部秋季温跃层的温盐结构对中层水种N. dutertrei、G. glutinata、G. calida和G. aequilateralis的分布有一定的影响.此外, 暖涡水体对浮游有孔虫的丰度和组成也有明显影响, 位于暖涡中心区的浮游有孔虫丰度明显增高, 特征属种G. sacculifer的含量明显高出周边站位.P. obliquiloculata的高含量主要出现在东北部黑潮分支影响区.Abstract: Living planktonic foraminifers have been quantitatively analyzed on 40 plankton tow samples which were collected from 19 sites in the northern South China Sea (SCS) in September, 2004. The affecting factors on the distribution and compositions of foraminiferal faunal are then discussed. The results indicate that most foraminifera occurred in the autumn northern SCS are tropical warm water species, which apparently shows a regional distribution. The abundance of living foraminifera forms a general pattern with high abundance occurring in the northwest and relatively low values in the southeast of the studied area. The relative abundances of shallow water species G. sacculifer and G. ruber show high values near the coast area, and N. dutertrei are mainly distributed on the outer shelf and slope, and the high percentage of G. menardii mainly appeared at the southeast deep water area. G. calida and G. aequilateralis show similar distribution pattern, with high percentage at the deep water sites. Both of them show especial high values at the southernmost site off Vietnam. Our study suggests that the regional distribution of living planktonic foraminifers in the autumn northern SCS is mainly controlled by the combined impacts of primary productivity and water depth. High abundance usually appeared under high primary productivity area, and water depth also plays an important role on the distribution of subsurface dwelling species. The thickness, temperature and salinity of the mixed layer have no significant relationship with the distribution of living foraminifers in the autumn northern SCS, but the temperature and salinity structure of the lysocline do show significant relationship with the distribution of some subsurface dwelling species such as N. dutertrei、G. glutinata、G. calida and G. aequilateralis, In addition, the abundance of foraminifera is apparently higher in the warm eddies, with particularly higher percentage of G. sacculifer, than its adjacent sites, which suggests that warm eddy also has a significant influence on the distribution of planktonic foraminifera. P. obliquiloculata is only abundant in the northeastern part of the studied area which is affected by the branches of Kuroshio.
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Key words:
- northern South China Sea /
- plankton tow /
- planktonic foraminifera /
- warm eddy /
- oceangraphy
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图 1 表层水体浮游拖网采样站位
Fig. 1. Location map for plankton tow samples collected in this study
图 2 南海北部秋季表层水体浮游有孔虫简单分异度(a)和丰度分布(b, c)
各站位上方数字分别为：a.浮游有孔虫种数；b.浮游有孔虫平面丰度(枚/m2，深水站据0~250m层数据计算)；c.浮游有孔虫体积丰度(枚/m3，据0~75m层数据计算)；单位：m
Fig. 2. Distributions of simple diversity (a) and abundances (b, c) of planktonic foraminifera in autumn surface waters of the northern South China Sea
图 3 深水站位不同拖网层的有孔虫数量对比
Fig. 3. Comparison of foraminiferal numbers in 3 different plankton tow layers from the deep water sites
图 4 南海北部秋季8种优势浮游有孔虫属种相对含量的区域变化(单位：m)
Fig. 4. Distributions of the relative abundance of 8 major foraminiferal species in autumn surface waters of the northern South China Sea
图 5 南海北部秋季部分研究站位温度随水深的变化
Fig. 5. Distributions of temperature with depth at 10 stations in the autumn water of the northern South China Sea
图 6 浮游有孔虫丰度和优势属种相对含量与南海北部水深和温盐参数的相关性
S75.75m水层的盐度；ΔS75-mix.75m水层与上部混合层的盐度差；ΔT75-mix.75m水层与混合层的温度差
Fig. 6. Relationship of foraminiferal abundance and relative abundances of several dominant species versus water depth, temperature and salinity in the northern South China Sea
表 1 取样站位经纬度、水深、拖网层次及取样时间
Table 1. Geographic location (latitude, longitude, water depth) of the investigated samples, tow depth and sampling time
站位 经度 纬度 水深(m) 浮游拖网水层(m) 取样时间(2004年) E102 115°04.340′E 21°53.628′N 71 0~65 9月18日19时 E104 116°00.117′E 21°00.155′N 326 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月19日03时 E106 116°46.150′E 20°10.850′N 847 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月19日12时 E108 117°36.047′E 19°23.925′N 3553 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月20日00时 E204 117°59.884′E 21°00.876′N 1576 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月20日15时 E207 116°48.301′E 22°11.416′N 66 0~60 9月21日10时 E301 117°45.106′E 23°13.830′N 43 0~35 9月21日20时 E305 118°45.861′E 22°14.338′N 147 0~75 9月22日05时 E401 120°00.245′E 21°31.126′N 3010 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月22日14时 E403 119°57.862′E 20°29.763′N 3347 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月22日23时 E407 118°59.044′E 17°59.987′N 4140 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月23日18时 E4011 114°59.510′E 18°00.306′N 3708 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月24日12时 A4 110°27.587′E 14°59.980′N 737 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月26日21时 E501 112°17.774′E 18°21.922′N 1564 0~75，0~150，0~250 9月30日00时 E504 111°45.022′E 19°14.181′N 129 0~75 10月01日08时 E602 112°14.748′E 20°44.947′N 65 0~60 10月01日19时 E604 112°44.905′E 20°15.106′N 95 0~75 10月01日23时 E606 113°17.461′E 19°41.306′N 202 0~75，0~150 10月02日02时 E709 113°30.050′E 21°29.340′N 42 0~40 10月03日14时 
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