西昆仑及邻区新生代差异隆升的热年代学证据

曹凯; 王国灿; 刘超; 孟艳宁

西昆仑及邻区新生代差异隆升的热年代学证据

曹凯^{1, 2,},
王国灿^{1, 2},
刘超³,
孟艳宁^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国地质大学地球科学学院, 湖北武汉 430074
3.
辽宁省有色地质局勘察研究院, 辽宁沈阳 110013

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 1212010610103

国家自然科学基金项目 40672137

中国地质大学研究生学术创新与探索基金 CUGYJS0801

详细信息

作者简介:
曹凯(1984-), 博士研究生, 主要从事构造热年代学和构造地貌研究. E-mail: kiger0148@gmail.com

中图分类号: P542
计量
- 文章访问数: 3611
- HTML全文浏览量: 99
- PDF下载量: 75
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2008-12-20
- 刊出日期: 2009-11-25

Thermochronological Evidence of the Cenozoic Differential Uplift Processes of the West Kunlun and Its Adjacent Area

CAO Kai^{1, 2
,},
WANG Guo-can^{1, 2},
LIU Chao³,
MENG Yan-ning^{1, 2}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
Survey and Design Institute of Liaoning Non-ferrous Ore Geological Bureau, Shenyang 110013, China

摘要

摘要: 通过总结和分析有关热年代学的资料, 认为西昆仑及邻区的隆升存在明显的时空差异性.第一, 隆升历史表现出明显的阶段性: 晚渐新世到早中新世(25~16Ma) 的部分隆升阶段、中新世中后期的快速隆升阶段(14~8Ma) 和晚中新世以来的整体强烈隆升阶段(6Ma以来).第二, 隆升在空间上显示出明显的差异性: 塔什库尔干-公格尔山地区的隆升主要集中在9Ma以来, 红其拉甫-库地地区的隆升主要集中在25~16Ma, 康西瓦-普鲁地区的隆升则主要在9Ma以来(集中在9~2Ma) 和25~12Ma.东西方向上表现为东西两端靠近构造结(喜玛拉雅西构造结和西昆仑-阿尔金构造结合部位) 的地方较新(主要在9Ma以来), 中间较老(主要在9Ma以前); 南北方向上, 西昆北地体在20Ma左右发生快速隆升, 西昆南地体在9~5Ma发生快速隆升, 而甜水海地体在5~2Ma发生快速隆升, 由北向南总体上呈现出由老到新的空间差异性.
- 西昆仑 /
- 新生代 /
- 磷灰石 /
- 热年代学 /
- 差异隆升 /
- 青藏高原
Abstract: Thermochronological data suggests that spatial-temporal differences of uplift obviously exist in West Kunlun and its adjacent area. Firstly, the uplift history falls into three distinct stages: The partial uplift stage from Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (25-16Ma), the rapid uplift stage during Middle Miocene (14-8Ma) and the holistic and strong uplift stage since Late Miocene (after 6Ma). Secondly, the uplift of the study area shows obvious spatial differences. The uplift of Kongur-Tash Gurgan area mainly occurred after 9Ma; the uplift of Hongqilapu-Kuda area mainly occurred during 25-16Ma, and the uplift of Kangxiwar-Pulu area mainly occurred after 9Ma (especially 9-2Ma) and during 25-12Ma. In the east/west direction, the uplift is earlier near the syntaxises (western Himalayan Syntaxis and West Kunlun-Altyn Syntaxis) than that in the middle area. Near the syntaxises the uplift mainly occurred after 9Ma and yet in the middle area mainly before 9Ma. In the south/north direction, the rapid uplift of northern West Kunlun terrane roughly occurred at 20Ma; the rapid uplift of southern West Kunlun terrane mainly occurred during 9-5Ma; the rapid uplift of Tianshuihai terrane mainly occurred during 5-2Ma. The rapid uplift of southern West Kunlun and its adjacent area is later than that in the north, and it varies from old to new.
- West Kunlun /
- Cenozoic /
- apatite /
- thermochronology /
- differential uplift /
- Qinghai-Tibet plateau

HTML全文

图 1 西昆仑及邻区构造简图及热年代学样品位置和年龄分布

KN、KS、KL分表表示西昆北地体、西昆南地体和甜水海地体的样品分布频数图, 频数图的横坐标单位均为Ma, 纵坐标单位均为个, 矩形方框内的年龄单位为Ma.AFT (apatite fission track) 表示磷灰石裂变径迹; ZFT (zircon fission track) 表示锆石裂变径迹; DAFT (detrital apatite fission track) 表示碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹; DAFT (detrital zircon fission track) 表示碎屑锆石裂变径迹; 碎屑磷灰石和锆石的裂变径迹年龄取最年轻组分的峰值年龄, 单位为Ma, Ar/Ar表示⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar测年.TKF.铁克里克断裂; MPT.主帕米尔逆冲断层; GKF.盖孜西-库地南断裂; KMF.库姆塔格断裂; KGF.柯岗断裂; KXF.康西瓦断裂; DHF.大红柳滩断裂; QSF.泉水沟断裂; TSF.甜水海断裂; ATF.阿尔金断裂; KKF.喀喇昆仑断裂.热年代学数据来自Arnaud (1992)、Arnaud et al. (1993)、王军等(1999)、Cowgill (2001)、王彦斌等(2001)、万景林和王二七(2002)、王永等(2002)、Wang et al. (2003)、Robinson et al.(2004, 2007)、黎敦朋等(2007).该图据潘裕生(1990)、新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局(1993)、Arnaud et al. (1993)、丁道桂等(1996)、Sobel (1999) 潘桂棠等(2004)、Wang (2004)、王国灿等(2005)、刘训等(2006)、崔军文等(2006)、Valli et al. (2007)修改

Fig. 1. Simplified structural map of West Kunlun and adjacent area, locations of the thermochronological samples and distribution of the thermochronological ages

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 西昆仑及邻区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄直方图

Fig. 2. The histogram of apatite fission track ages in the West Kunlun and adjacent area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 西昆仑及邻区热年代年龄空间差异性直方图

东西方向: a.公格尔山-塔什库尔干; b.红其拉甫-库地; c.康西瓦-普鲁; 南北方向: d.西昆北地体; e.西昆南地体; f.甜水海地体

Fig. 3. Histogram of the spatial difference of thermochronological ages in the West Kunlun and adjacent area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(144)

[1]	An, Z. S., Kutzbach, J. E., Prell, W. L., et al., 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411 (6833): 62-66. doi: 10.1038/35075035
[2]	An, Z. S., Zhang, P. Z., Wang, E. Q., et al., 2006. Changes of the monsoon-arid environment in China and growth of the Tibetan plateau since the Miocene. Quaternary Sciences, 26 (5): 678-693 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.oalib.com/paper/1571236
[3]	Arnaud, N. O., 1992. Apports de la thermochronologie ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar sur feldspath potassiqueà la connaissance de la tectonique cénozoïque d'Asie. Etudedes mécanismes d'accommodation de la collision continentale (Ph. D. thesis). Univ. Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 263.
[4]	Arnaud, N. O., Brunel, M., Cantagrel, J. M., et al., 1993. High cooling and denudation rates at Kongur Shan, eastern Pamir (Xinjiang, China) revealed by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar alkali feldspar thermochronology. Tectonics, 12 (6): 1335-1346. doi: 10.1029/93TC00767
[5]	Besse, J., Courtillot, V., Pozzi, J. P., et al., 1984. Palaeomagnetic estimates of crustal shortening in the Himalayan thrusts and Zangbo suture. Nature, 311 (5987): 621-626. doi: 10.1038/311621a0
[6]	Brunel, M., Arnaud, N. O., Tapponnier, P., et al., 1994. Kongur Shan normal fault: Type example of mountain building assisted by extension (Karakoram fault, eastern Pamir). Geology, 22: 707-710. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0707:KSNFTE>2.3.CO;2
[7]	Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1993. Regional geology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Geological PublishingHouse, Beijing, 718-742.
[8]	Chemenda, A. I., Burg, J. P., Mattauer, M., 2000. Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: Geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 174 (3-4): 397-409. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00277-0
[9]	Chen, J., Lu, Y. C., Ding, G. Y., 2001. Records of Late Cenozoic mountain building in western Tarim basin: Molasses growth strata and growth unconformity. Quaternary Sciences, 21 (6): 528-539 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DSJJ200106009.htm
[10]	Chen, Z. L., Gong, H. L., Li, L., et al., 2006. Cenozoic uplifting and exhumation process of the Altyn Tagh mountains. Earth Science Frontiers, 13 (4): 91-102 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/292767586_Cenozoic_uplifting_and_exhumation_process_of_the_Altyn_Tagh_Mountains
[11]	Chen, Z. L., Wan, J. L., Wang, X. F., et al., 2002. Rapid strike-slip of the Altyn Tagh fault at 8Ma and its geological implications. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 23 (4): 295-300 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB200204001.htm
[12]	Clark, M. E., Schoenbohm, L. M., Royden, L. H., 2004. Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns. Tectonics, 23: TC1006. doi: 10.1029/2002TC001402.
[13]	Coutand, I., Strecker, M. R., Arrowsmith, J. R., et al., 2002. Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai Valley (Pamir-Tien Shan region, Central Asia): An example of intracontinental deformation due to the Indo-Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 21 (6): 1053. doi: 10.1029/2002TC001358
[14]	Cowgill, E. S., 2001. Tectonic evolution of the Altyn Taghwestern Kunlun fault system, northwestern China (Doctoral thesis). University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 311.
[15]	Cui, J. W., Guo, X. P., Ding, X. Z., et al., 2006. Mesozoic-Cenozoic deformation structures and their dynamics in the basin-range junction belt of the west Kunlun-Tarim basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 13 (4): 103-118 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]	Cui, J. W., Zhang, X. W., Li, P. W., 2002. The Altun fault: Its geometry, nature and mode of growth. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 23 (6): 509-516 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/docdown/docdownload.aspx?filename=DZXW200102002&dbcode=CJFD&year=2001&dflag=pdfdown
[17]	Deng, W. M., 1995. Geological features of ophiolite and tectonic significance in the Karakorum-West Kunlun Mts. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 11 (Suppl. ): 98-111 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB5S1.007.htm
[18]	Ding, D. G., Luo, Y. M., 2005. Collision structures in Pamir region and reformation of Tarim basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 26 (1): 57-77 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT200501008.htm
[19]	Ding, D. G., Wang, D. X., Liu, W. X., et al., 1996. The western Kunlun orogenic belt and basin. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
[20]	Ding, L., Kapp, P., Zhong, D. L., et al., 2003. Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet: Evidence for a transition from oceanic to continental subduction. Journal of Petrology, 44 (10): 1833-1865. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egg061
[21]	Fu, B. H., Zhang, S. L., Xie, X. P., 2006. Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar fault, Altyn Tagh fault system, northern Tibet. Quaternary Sciences, 26 (2): 228-235 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DSJJ200602009.htm
[22]	Gao, R., Li, P. W., Li, Q. S., et al., 2001. Deep process of the collision and deformation on the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau: Revelation from investigation of the deep seismic profiles. Science in China (Series D), 31 (Suppl. ): 66-71 (in Chinese). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JDXG2001S1008.htm
[23]	Guo, Z. T., Ruddi man, W. F., Hao, Q. Z., et al., 2002. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 416 (6877): 159-163. doi: 10.1038/416159a
[24]	Harrison, T. M., Copeland, P., Kidd, W. S. F., et al., 1992. Raising Tibet. Science, 225 (5052): 1663-1670.
[25]	Harrison, T. M., Grive, M., Lovera, O. M., et al., 1998. A model for the origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (B11): 27017-27032. doi: 10.1029/98JB02468
[26]	Hendrix, M. S., Dumitru, T. A., Graham, S. A., 1994. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tian Shan: An early effect of the India-Asia collision. Geology, 22: 487-490. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0487:LOEMUI>2.3.CO;2
[27]	Hendrix, M. S., Graham, S. A., Carroll, A. R., et al., 1992. Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tian Shan: Evidence from Mesozoic strata of the North Tarim, South Junggar, and Turpan basins, Northwest China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104: 53-79. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0053:SRACIO>2.3.CO;2
[28]	Hodges, K. V., Parrish, R. R., Housh, T. B., et al., 1992. Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan orogen. Science, 258 (5087): 1466-1470. doi: 10.1126/science.258.5087.1466
[29]	Jay, Q., Thure, E. C., John, R. B., 1989. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocenein northern Pakistan. Nature, 342 (6246): 163-166. doi: 10.1038/342163a0
[30]	Jin, X. C., Wang, J., Chen, B. W., et al., 2003. Cenozoic depositional sequences in the piedmont of the West Kunlun and their paleogeographic and tectonic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21 (7): 755-765. doi: 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00073-1
[31]	Jolivet, M., Roger, F., Arnaud, N. O., et al., 1999. Histoire de l'exhumation de l'Altun Shan: Indications sur l'age de la subduction du bloc du Tarim sous le systeme de l'Altyn Tagh (Nord Tibet). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Series Ⅱ. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, 329 (10): 749-755. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805000884955
[32]	Kroon, D., Steens, T. N. F., Troelstra, S. R., 1991. Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea as revealed by planktonic foraminifers. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 117: 257-263. doi: 10.2973/odp.proc.sr.117.126.1991
[33]	Kutzbach, J. E., Prell, W. L., Ruddi man, W. F., 1993. Sensitivity of Eurasian climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geology, 101 (2): 177-190. doi: 10.1086/648215
[34]	Lacassin, R., Valli, F., Arnaud, N. O., et al., 2004. Largescale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet. Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters, 219 (3-4): 255-269. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00006-8
[35]	Li, D. P., Zhao, Y., Hu, J. M., et al., 2007. Fission track thermochronologic constraints on plateau surface and geomorphic relief formation in the northwestern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23 (5): 900-910 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.oalib.com/paper/1494242
[36]	Li, H. B., Valli, F., Xu, Z. Q., et al., 2006. Deformation and tectonic evolution of the Karakorum fault, western Tibet. Geology in China, 2: 239-255 (in Chinese withEnglish abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/215868790_Deformation_and_tectonic_of_the_Karakorum_Fault_Western_Tibet
[37]	Li, H. B., Van der Woerd, J., Sun, Z. M., et al., 2008. Late Quaternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwar (or Karakax) segment of the Altyn Tagh fault, northern Tibet. Quaternary Sciences, 28 (2): 198-213 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233945593_Late_Quaternary_left-slip_rate_and_large_earthquake_recurrence_time_along_the_Kangxiwar_Karakax_segment_of_the_Altyn_Tagh_fault_Northern_Tibet
[38]	Li, J. J., 1999. Studies on the geomorphological evolution of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau and Asian monsoon. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 19 (1): 1-11 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ901.001.htm
[39]	Li, J. J., Fang, X. M., 1998. Uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and environmental change. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44 (23): 2217-2224.
[40]	Liu, J. Q., Mai maiti, Y. M., 1989. Distribution and ages of Ashikule volcanoes on the West Kunlun Mountains, West China. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 7: 187-190. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/288822825_Distribution_and_ages_of_Ashikule_volcanoes_on_the_west_Kunlun_Mountains_west_China
[41]	Liu, Q., Yang, K. G., Zhang, C. L., et al., 2003. The microstructure feature and its geological significance of Kangxiwa fracture zone, West Kunlun. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrololgy, 23 (3): 26-30 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[42]	Liu, X., Wang, J., Zhang, Z. C., et al., 2002. Relation between the components of Quaternary molasses and uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: Preliminary understanding of the results of measurements of the Quaternary pebble composition at the Kokyar section, Yecheng, Xinjiang. Geological Bulletin of China, 21 (11): 759-763 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[43]	Liu, X., Xiao, X. C., Wu, S. Z., et al., 2006. Evolution of basin-mountain tectonic framework in southern Xinjiang, China (northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet plateau). Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
[44]	Liu, X. D., Yin, Z. Y., 2002. Sensitivity of East Asian monsoon climate to the Tibetan plateau uplift. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 183 (3-4): 223-245. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00488-6
[45]	Liu, Y. J., Neubauer, F., Ge, X. H., 2007. Geochronology of the Altun fault zone and rising of the Altun Moutains. Chinese Journal of Geology, 42 (1): 134-146, 188 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://doc.paperpass.com/journal/20070007dzkx.html
[46]	Matte, P., Tapponnier, P., Arnaud, N. O., et al., 1996. Tectonics of western Tibet, between the Tari mand the Indus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 142 (3-4): 311-330. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00086-6
[47]	Meyer, B., Tapponnier, T., Bourjot, L., et al., 1998. Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithosphere mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau. Geophysical Journal International, 135 (117): 1-47.
[48]	Molnar, P., England, P., Martinod, J., 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Reviews of Geophysics, 31 (4): 357-396. doi: 10.1029/93RG02030
[49]	Murphy, M. A., Yin, A., Kapp, P., et al., 2000. Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, Southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip. Geology, 28 (5): 451-454. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<451:SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2
[50]	Pan, G. T., Ding, J., Yao, D. S., et al., 2004. Geological map of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau and adjacent areas (1∶1500000, instruction attached). Chengdu Cartographical Publishing House, Chengdu.
[51]	Pan, J. W., Li, H. B., Jerome, V. D. W., et al., 2007. Late Cenozoic morphotectonic features of the thrust belt in the front of the West Kunlun Mountains. Geological Bulletin of China, 26 (10): 1368-1379 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912006002239
[52]	Pan, Y. S., 1990. Tectonic features and evolution of the western Kunlun Mountain region. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 3: 224-232 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[53]	Pan, Y. S., 1994. Discovery and evidence of the fifth suture zone of Qinghai-Xizang plateau. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 37 (2): 184-192 (in Chinese with English ab-stract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/article_en/cjfdtotal-dqwx402.005.htm
[54]	Patriat, P., Achache, J., 1984. India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates. Nature, 311 (5987): 615-621. doi: 10.1038/311615a0
[55]	Peltzer, G., Tapponnier, P., Armijo, R., 1989. Magnitude of Late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet. Science, 246 (4935): 1285-1289. doi: 10.1126/science.246.4935.1285
[56]	Rea, D. K., Snoeck, H., Joseph, L. H., 1998. Late Cenozoic eolian depositionin the North Pacific: Asian drying, Tibetan uplift, and cooling of the northern hemisphere. Paleoceanography, 13 (3): 215-224. doi: 10.1029/98PA00123
[57]	Robinson, A. C., Yin, A., Manning, C. E., et al., 2004. Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir: Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system, western China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116 (7-8): 953-973. doi: 10.1130/B25375.1.
[58]	Robinson, A. C., Yin, A., Manning, C. E., et al., 2007. Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir: Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119 (7-8): 882-896. doi: 10.1130/B25981.1.
[59]	Rowley, D. B., 1996. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145 (1-4): 1-13. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4
[60]	Ruddiman, W. F., Prell, W. L., Raymo, M. E., 1989. Late Cenozoic uplift in southern Asia and the American West: Rationale for general circulation modeling experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 18379-18391. doi: 10.1029/JD094iD15p18379
[61]	Shi, Y. F., Li, J. J., Li, B. Y., et al., 1999. Uplift of The Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau and East Asian environmental change during Late Cenozoic. Acta Geographica Sinica, 54 (1): 10-20 (in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB901.001.htm
[62]	Shi, Y. F., Tang, M. C., Ma, Y. Z., 1998. The relation of the second rising in Qinghai-Xizang plateau and the Asia monsoon. Sciencein China (Series D), 28 (3): 263-271 (in Chinese).
[63]	Sobel, E. R., 1999. Basin analysis of the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous southwest Tarim basin, Northwest China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111 (5): 709-724. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0709:BAOTJL>2.3.CO;2
[64]	Sobel, E. R., Trevor, A. D., 1997. Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (B3): 5043-5063. doi: 10.1029/96JB03267
[65]	Sun, J. M., Liu, T. S., 2006. The age of the Taklimakan desert. Science, 312 (5780): 1621. doi: 10.1126/science.1124616
[66]	Sun, J. M., Zhang, L. Y., Deng, C. L., et al., 2008. Evidence for enhanced aridity in the Tarim basin of China since 5.3 Ma. Quaternary Science Review, 27 (9-10): 1012-1023. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.011.
[67]	Sun, J. M., Zhang, Z. Q., Zhang, L. Y., 2009. New evidence on the age of the Taklimakan desert. Geology, 37 (2): 159-162. doi: 10.1130/G25338A.1.
[68]	Tapponnier, P., Lacassin, R., Leloup, P. H., et al., 1990. The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China. Nature, 343 (6257): 431-437. doi: 10.1038/343431a0
[69]	Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z. Q., Roger, F., et al., 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau. Science, 294 (5547): 1671-1677. doi: 10.1126/science.105978
[70]	Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Liu, J. Q., et al., 1993. Timing of Tibetan uplift constrained by analysis of volcanic rocks. Nature, 364 (6432): 50-54. doi: 10.1038/364050a0
[71]	Valli, F., Arnaud, N., Leloup, P. H., et al., 2007. Twenty million years of continuous deformation along the Karakorum fault, western Tibet: A thermochronological analysis. Tectonics, 26, TC4004. doi: 10.1029/2005TC001913.
[72]	Wan, J. L., Wang, E. Q., 2002. FT evidence of West Kunlun uplift in Pulu. Nuclear Techniques, 25 (7): 565-567 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[73]	Wang, E., 1997. Displacement and timing along the northern strand of the Altyn Tagh fault zone, northern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 150 (1-2): 55-64. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00085-X
[74]	Wang, E., Wan, J. L., Liu, J., 2003. Late Cenozoic geological evolution of the foreland basin bordering the West Kunlun rangein Pulu area: Constraints on timing of uplift of northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (B8): 2401. doi: 10.1029/2002JB001877.
[75]	Wang, G. C., Yang, W. R., Ma, H. D., et al., 2005. Comparing of the tectonic uplift since Late Cenozoic between the East and West Kunlun Mountains. Earth Science Frontiers, 12 (3): 157-166 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[76]	Wang, J., 1998. Uplift of the Karibasheng and Kuzigan granite in the West Kunlun Mountains—Evidence from apatite fission track analysis. Geological Review, 44 (4): 435-442 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[77]	Wang, J., Jin, X. C., Ren, L. D., et al., 1999. The research of apatite fission-track of Cenozoic sediments from Keliyang section in the northern slope of West Kunlun. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 24 (suppl. ): 159-164 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[78]	Wang, Y., Li, D. G., Xiao, X. C., et al., 2006. Late Cenozoic tectonic movement in the front of the West Kunlun Mountains and uplift of the northwestern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Geology in China, 133 (1): 41-47 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[79]	Wang, Y., Wang, Y. B., Liu, X., et al., 2002. Apatite fissiontrack ages of Late Cenozoic sediments from Kokyar section in western Kunlun foreland basin and their significance. Xinjiang Geology, 20: 43-46 (in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
[80]	Wang, Y. B., Wang, Y., Liu, X., et al., 2001. Apatite fissiontrack records of Mesozoic and Cenozoic episodic reactivation of the Tianshan and West Kunlun Mountains. Regional Geology of China, 20 (1): 94-99 (in Chinesewith English abstract).
[81]	Wang, Y. Z., Fan, X. L., 1987. Preliminary study on granite distribution of time and space in West Kunlun-Karakorun Mountains of Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geology, 5 (1): 9-24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[82]	Wang, Z. H., 2004. Tectonic evolution of the western Kunlun orogenic belt, western China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24 (2): 153-161. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.10.007
[83]	Xiao, X. C., Liu, X., Gao, R., et al., 2001. Collision tectonics between the Tari mblock (basin) and the northw estern Tibet plateau: New observations from a multidisciplinary geoscientific investigation in the western Kunlun Mountains. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75 (2): 126-132.
[84]	Xu, Z. Q., Yang, J. S., Qi, X. X., et al., 2006. India-Asia collision: A further discussion of N-S and E-W-trending detachments and the orogenic mechanism of the modern Himalayas. Geological Bulletin of China, 25 (1-2): 1-14 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[85]	Yang, J. S., Robinson, P. T., Jiang, C. F., et al., 1996. Ophiolites of the Kunlun Mountains, China and theirtectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 258 (1-4): 215-231. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00199-9
[86]	Yang, S. F., Chen, H. L., Dong, C. W., et al., 1999. The characteristics of Kudi ophiolite suite and its tectonic setting. Acta Geologica Sinica, 34 (3): 281-288 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[87]	Yang, W. Z., Zhang, W. Z., Qu, X., 2005. Geochemical evidence of the relation between the Kuyake fault of eastpart of West Kunlum Mountains and the Kangxiwar and Altyn Tagh faults. Geological Bulletin of China, 24 (4): 316-321 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[88]	Yin, A., Harrison, M., Ryerson, F. J., et al., 1994. Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system, southw estern Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (B9): 18175-18201. doi: 10.1029/94JB00504
[89]	Yuan, S. H., Liu, Y. J., Ge, X. H., et al., 2006. Advance in study of Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift history of the Altyn Mountains. Global Geology, 25 (2): 164-171 (in Chi-nese with English abstract).
[90]	Yue, Y. J., Liou, J. G., 1999. Two-stage evolution model for the Altyn Tagh fault, China. Geology, 27: 227-230. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0227:TSEMFT>2.3.CO;2
[91]	Zhang, K. X., Wang, G. C., Chen, F. N., et al., 2007. Coupling between the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and distribution of basins of Paleogene-Neogene. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 32 (5): 583-597 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[92]	Zhang, P. Z., Molnar, P., Downs, W. R., et al., 2001. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosionrates. Nature, 410 (6831): 891-897. doi: 10.1038/35073504
[93]	Zhang, P. Z., Molnar, P., Xu, X. W., 2007. Late Quaternary and present day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh fault, northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Tectonics, 26 (5): TC5010. doi: 1011029/2006TC002014.
[94]	Zhang, P. Z., Zheng, D. W., Yin, G. M., et al., 2006. Discussion on Late Cenozoic growth and rise of northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 26 (1): 5-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[95]	Zheng, H. B., Butcher, K., Powell, C., 2002. Evolution of Neogene foreland basin in Yecheng, Xinjiang, and uplift of northern Tibetan plateau-Ⅰ: Stratigraphy and petrology. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 20 (2): 274-281 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[96]	Zheng, H. B., Butcher, K., Powell, C., 2003. Evolution of Neogene foreland basin in Yecheng, Xinjiang, and upliftof northern Tibetan plateau-Ⅱ: Facies analysis. ActaSedi mentologica Sinica, 21 (1): 46-51 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[97]	Zheng, H. B., Powell, C., An, Z. S., et al., 2000. Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan plateau. Geology, 28 (8): 715-718. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<715:PUOTNT>2.0.CO;2
[98]	Zhong, D. L., Ding, L., 1996. Discussion on processes and mechanism of uplifting of Tibetan plateau. Science in China (Series D), 26 (4): 289-295 (in Chinese).
[99]	Zhong, D. L., Tapponnier, P., Wu, H. W., et al., 1989. Large-scale strike-slip fault, the major structure of intracontinental deformation after collision. Chinese Science Bulletin, 7: 526-529 (in Chinese).
[100]	安芷生, 张培震, 王二七, 等, 2006. 中新世以来我国季风-干旱环境演化与青藏高原的生长. 第四纪研究, 26 (5): 678-693. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.05.002
[101]	陈杰, 卢演俦, 丁国瑜, 2001. 塔里木西缘晚新生代造山过程的记录——磨拉石建造及生长地层和生长不整合. 第四纪研究, 21 (6): 528-539. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2001.06.009
[102]	陈正乐, 宫红良, 李丽, 等, 2006. 阿尔金山脉新生代隆升-剥露过程. 地学前缘, 13 (4): 91-102. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.04.008
[103]	陈正乐, 万景林, 王小凤, 等, 2002. 阿尔金断裂带8Ma左右的快速走滑及其地质意义. 地球学报, 23 (4): 295-300. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-3021.2002.04.002
[104]	崔军文, 郭宪璞, 丁孝忠, 等, 2006. 西昆仑-塔里木盆地盆-山结合带的中、新生代变形构造及其动力学. 地学前缘, 13 (4): 103-118. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.04.009
[105]	崔军文, 张晓卫, 李朋武, 2002. 阿尔金断裂: 几何学、性质和生长方式. 地球学报, 23 (6): 509-516. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-3021.2002.06.005
[106]	邓万明, 1995. 喀喇昆仑-西昆仑及邻区蛇绿岩的地质特征及其大地构造意义. 岩石学报, 11 (增刊): 98-111.
[107]	丁道桂, 罗月明, 2005. 帕米尔地区碰撞构造与塔里木盆地的改造. 石油与天然气地质, 26 (1): 57-77. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9985.2005.01.009
[108]	丁道桂, 王道轩, 刘伟新, 等, 1996. 西昆仑造山带与盆地. 北京: 地质出版社.
[109]	付碧宏, 张松林, 谢小平, 2006. 阿尔金断裂系西段——康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究. 第四纪研究, 26 (2): 228-235. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.02.010
[110]	高锐, 李朋武, 李秋生, 等, 2001. 青藏高原北缘碰撞变形的深部过程——深地震探测成果之启示. 中国科学(D辑), 31 (增刊): 66-71. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK2001S1009.htm
[111]	黎敦朋, 赵越, 胡健民, 等, 2007. 青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程的裂变径迹热年代学约束. 岩石学报, 23 (5): 900-910. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200705005.htm
[112]	李海兵, Valli, F., 许志琴, 等, 2006. 喀喇昆仑断裂的变形特征及构造演化. 中国地质, 2: 239-255. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2006.02.002
[113]	李海兵, Van der Woerd, J., 孙知明, 等, 2008. 阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨. 第四纪研究, 28 (2): 198-213. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DSJJ200802003.htm
[114]	李吉均, 1999. 青藏高原的地貌演化与亚洲季风. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 19 (1): 1-11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ901.001.htm
[115]	李吉均, 方小敏, 1998. 青藏高原隆起与环境变化研究. 科学通报, 43 (15): 1569-1574. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1998.15.001
[116]	刘强, 杨坤光, 张传林, 等, 2003. 西昆仑康西瓦断裂显微构造特征及其地质意义. 矿物岩石, 23 (3): 26-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6872.2003.03.007
[117]	刘训, 王军, 张招崇, 等, 2002. 第四纪磨拉石组分与青藏高原隆升的关系——对新疆叶城柯克亚剖面第四纪砾石成分测量结果的认识. 地质通报, 21 (11): 759-763. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2002.11.013
[118]	刘训, 肖序常, 吴绍组, 等, 2006. 中国新疆南部(青藏高原北缘) 盆山构造格局的演化. 北京: 地质出版社.
[119]	刘永江, Neubauer, F., 葛肖虹, 等, 2007. 阿尔金断裂带年代学和阿尔金山隆升. 地质科学, 42 (1): 134-146, 188. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0563-5020.2007.01.012
[120]	潘桂棠, 丁俊, 姚冬生, 等, 2004. 青藏高原及邻区地质图(附说明书, 1∶1500000). 成都: 成都地图出版社.
[121]	潘家伟, 李海兵, Jerome, V. D. W., 等, 2007. 西昆仑山前冲断带晚新生代构造地貌特征. 地质通报, 26 (10): 1368-1379. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.10.014
[122]	潘裕生, 1990. 西昆仑山构造特征与演化. 地质科学, 3: 224-232. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX199003002.htm
[123]	潘裕生, 1994. 青藏高原第五缝合带的发现与论证. 地球物理学报, 37 (2): 184-192. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1994.02.006
[124]	施雅风, 李吉均, 李炳元, 等, 1999. 晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化. 地理学报, 54 (1): 10-20. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.1999.01.002
[125]	施雅风, 汤懋苍, 马玉贞, 1998. 青藏高原二期隆升与亚洲季风孕育关系探讨. 中国科学(D辑), 28 (3): 263-271. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.1998.03.005
[126]	万景林, 王二七, 2002. 西昆仑北部山前普鲁地区山体抬升的裂变径迹研究. 核技术, 25 (7): 565-567. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3219.2002.07.019
[127]	王国灿, 杨巍然, 马华东, 等, 2005. 东、西昆仑山晚新生代以来构造隆升作用对比. 地学前缘, 12 (3): 157-166. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2005.03.017
[128]	王军, 1998. 西昆仑卡日巴生岩体和苦子干岩体的隆升——来自磷灰石裂变径迹分析的证据. 地质评论, 44 (4): 435-442. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLP199804013.htm
[129]	王军, 金小赤, 任留东, 等, 1999. 西昆仑北坡克里阳剖面新生代沉积的磷灰石裂变径迹研究. 地球学报, 24 (增刊): 159-164. https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGDJ199910001026.htm
[130]	王彦斌, 王永, 刘训, 等, 2001. 天山、西昆仑山中、新生代幕式活动的磷灰石裂变径迹记录. 中国区域地质, 20 (1): 94-99. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2001.01.018
[131]	王永, 李德贵, 肖序常, 等, 2006. 西昆仑山前晚新生代构造活动与青藏高原西北缘的隆升. 中国地质, 133 (1): 41-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200601003.htm
[132]	王永, 王彦斌, 刘训, 等, 2002. 柯克亚剖面新生代晚期沉积物中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及意义. 新疆地质, 20 (增刊): 43-46. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI2002S1015.htm
[133]	汪玉珍, 方锡廉, 1987. 西昆仑山、喀喇昆仑山花岗岩类时空分布规律的初步探讨. 新疆地质, 5 (1): 9-24. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI198701001.htm
[134]	新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1993. 新疆维吾尔自治区区域地质志. 北京: 地质出版社, 718-742. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI200304020.htm
[135]	许志琴, 杨经绥, 戚学祥, 等, 2006. 印度、亚洲碰撞——南北向和东西向拆离构造与现代喜马拉雅造山机制再讨论. 地质通报, 25 (1-2): 1-14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD2006Z1003.htm
[136]	杨树锋, 陈汉林, 董传万, 等, 1999. 西昆仑山库地蛇绿岩的特征及其构造意义. 地质科学, 34 (3): 281-288. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX199903003.htm
[137]	杨万志, 张维洲, 屈迅, 2005. 西昆仑山东段库牙克断裂与康西瓦断裂、阿尔金断裂关系的地球化学证据. 地质通报, 24 (4): 316-321. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2005.04.004
[138]	袁四化, 刘永江, 葛肖虹, 等, 2006. 阿尔金山中—新生代隆升历史研究进展. 世界地质, 25 (2): 164-171. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2006.02.010
[139]	张克信, 王国灿, 陈奋宁, 等, 2007. 青藏高原古近纪-新近纪隆升与沉积盆地分布耦合. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 32 (5): 583-597. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200705002.htm
[140]	张培震, 郑德文, 尹功明, 等, 2006. 有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论. 第四纪研究, 26 (1): 5-13. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.01.002
[141]	郑洪波, Butcher, K., Powell, C., 2002. 新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与青藏高原北缘的隆升——Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据. 沉积学报, 20 (2): 274-281. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2002.02.015
[142]	郑洪波, Butcher, K., Powell, C., 2003. 新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与青藏高原北缘的隆升——Ⅱ沉积相与沉积盆地演化. 沉积学报, 21 (1): 46-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2003.01.008
[143]	钟大赉, 丁林, 1996. 青藏高原的隆起过程及其机制探讨. 中国科学(D辑), 26 (4): 289-295. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.1996.04.001
[144]	钟大赉, Tapponnier, P., 吴海威, 等, 1989. 大型走滑断层——碰撞后陆内变形的重要形式. 科学通报, 7: 526-529. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1989.07.004