Volume 44 Issue 6
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Wang Qingfei, Deng Jun, Zhao Hesen, Yang Lin, Ma Qiyi, Li Huajian, 2019. Review on Orogenic Gold Deposits. Earth Science, 44(6): 2155-2186. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.105
Citation: Wang Qingfei, Deng Jun, Zhao Hesen, Yang Lin, Ma Qiyi, Li Huajian, 2019. Review on Orogenic Gold Deposits. Earth Science, 44(6): 2155-2186. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.105
shu

Review on Orogenic Gold Deposits

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.105

  • State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

  • Received Date: 2018-11-06
  • Publish Date: 2019-06-15
    Abstract
  • The orogenic gold deposits show features as follows:relation to oceanic plate subduction and terrane accretion, hosted by metamorphic massif along convergent plate boundaries, controlled by ductile to brittle shear zones, low salinity and H2O-CO2-CH4 dominating ore fluid, wide formation depths varying from about 2 to 20 km and formation temperatures ranging within 200-650℃, temperature-dependent alteration and ore mineral assemblages. Orogenic gold deposits formed coevally to the time of cycled convergences of supercontinents. Due to the diversity of wall rock types and ore-controlling structures, ambiguity of ore geochemistry, uncertainty of fluid and metal sources and their evolutions, and disparity between source regions and ore deposition locations, two distinct origin models were proposed for orogenic gold deposits. The first is metamorphic fluid model, in which the deposits formed in prograde metamorphism of orogeny with different source from evolving regional upper crust. The auriferous fluid is considered to release from greenschist-to amphibolite-facies prograde metamorphism of upper crustal rocks, during which gold and other metals are liberated from transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite. This model was universally applied to Phanerozoic orogenic gold deposit shosted by greenschist-facies terranes. However, it was recognized that most orogenic gold deposits formed in retrogression stage subsequent to peak metamorphism or without any spatial-temporal link to regional metamorphism, which challenged the metamorphic fluid model. Thus the mantle fluid model, which indicates that ore fluids for orogenic gold deposits are derived from devolatilization of subducted oceanic plate or fertile mantle, was proposed. Although the mantle fluid model is not compatible with the petrological diagram in phase equilibrium condition, the extensive proofs for the existence of mantle fluids and their appearance near surface support that mantle fluids are capable to transport to upper crustal levels under supercritical conditions and phase unequilibrium. The Chinese orogenic gold deposits are divided into seven gold belts:Silurian belt along Jiangnan orogen, Permian belt in Tianshan and Altay orogen, Triassic to Jurassic one along northern margin of North China craton (Solonker orogen), Triassic to Jurassic one within Paleo-Tethyan orogens, Jurassic one along southern margin of South China block possibly controlled by the Paleo-Tethyan closure, Cretaceous one along southern margins of North China craton, and Paleogene one in Tibetan Plateau and its margins. Orogenic gold deposits in China formed in Phanerozoic in association with various orogeny, with ore-forming ages post dating peak metamorphism. Case studies on gold districts in these belts, such as Jiaodong, Ailaoshan, and western margin of Yangtze craton, all favored the mantle fluid model.

     

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