A Technical Framework of Landslide Prevention Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing and Its Engineering Application
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摘要: 我国是世界上受滑坡影响最大的国家之一，也投入了大量的人力物力开展区域性滑坡隐患探测工作.近年的政府工作表明，80%的滑坡发生在已圈定的隐患点范围外，80%的滑坡发生在防灾减灾工作条件相对薄弱的边远农村地区.为了解决这个困境，亟需：（1）厘清不同类型滑坡宜选用的广域探测技术，解决滑坡隐患广域探测的漏检问题；（2）突破社区协同滑坡防灾的难题，助力滑坡隐患探测和风险评估.本文将滑坡隐患分为4类：斜坡变形区、复活历史变形破坏区、稳定历史变形破坏区和潜在斜坡变形区，以便充分发挥多源遥感数据和技术的优势；进而提出一种“滑坡隐患广域探测-单体滑坡隐患风险评估-社区协同防灾”的多源遥感滑坡防灾技术框架.以青藏高原交通工程关键区段约10 000 km²区域作为研究区，协同社区（如设计和建设单位）共识别出滑坡隐患263处，其中斜坡变形区249处，复活历史变形破坏区5处，稳定历史变形破坏区9处，并针对3个典型滑坡隐患进行风险定量评估和社区协同防灾.该多源遥感技术框架将有助于提高社区滑坡防灾的能力，也将直接服务于青藏高原交通工程的建设与运维.Abstract: China is one of the countries worst affected by landslides in the world, and great efforts have been made to detect potential landslides over wide regions. However, a recent government work report shows that 80% of the newly formed landslides occurred outside the areas labelled as potential landslides, and 80% of them occurred in remote rural areas with limited capability of disaster prevention and mitigation. To address this dilemma, there are urgent needs to (1) identify feasible detection techniques for each landslide type so as to minimize (if not avoid) the missing detection problem, and (2) engage local communities for landslide prevention to help landslide detection and risk assessment. To take full advantage of multi-source remote sensing data and technology, the potential landslides are divided into four types in this paper: actively deforming slopes, reactivated historically deformed slopes, stabilized historically deformed slopes, and undeformed but potentially unstable slopes. Furthermore, a multi-source remote sensing integrated technical framework is presented for landslide prevention, namely "wide-area potential landslide detection-risk assessment for individual potential landslides-community-based disaster prevention". In this study, a key section of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Transportation Project (QTPTP) with an area of about 10 000 km² was taken as the research area; collaborating with the local communities including some design and construction units of the QTPTP, it successfully identified 263 potential landslides, among which 249 were actively deforming slopes, 5 reactivated historically deformed slopes and 9 stabilized historically deformed slope. In addition, quantitative risk assessment and community-based disaster prevention were carried out for three typical potential landslides. It is believed that the multi-source remote sensing technical framework will not only help local communities improve their capability in landslide prevention, but also directly benefit to the construction and operation of the QTPTP.
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图 1 多源遥感的滑坡防灾技术框架
Fig. 1. The multi⁃source remote sensing technical framework for landslide prevention
图 2 青藏高原交通工程关键区段滑坡隐患的分布
Fig. 2. Distribution of potential landslides in the key section of the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau Transportation Project (QTPTP)
图 3 贡巴滑坡的形态(a)和形变(b)信息，以及基于物理力学模型的滑坡失稳模拟(c)
Fig. 3. The geomorphological (a) and deformation (b) information of the Gongba landslide, and landslide failure simulation based on a physical and mechanical model (c)
图 4 雄巴滑坡的地貌形态(a)和地表形变(b)信息，以及基于物理力学模型的滑坡失稳模拟(c)
滑坡失稳模拟改编自Yao et al.（2022）
Fig. 4. The geomorphological (a) and surface displacement (b) information of the Xiongba landslide, and landslide failure simulation based on a physical and mechanical model (c)
图 5 乱石包滑坡的地貌形态和地表形变信息
Fig. 5. The geomorphological and surface displacement information of the Luanshibao landslide
表 1 滑坡隐患分类及识别方法
Table 1. Potential landslide types and their corresponding identification methods
滑坡隐患类型 斜坡变形区 复活历史变形破坏区 稳定历史变形破坏区 潜在斜坡变形区 示意图 
识别指标 可能存在裂缝、前缘小规模崩塌等形态信息，有形变信息 呈现圈椅状、存在滑坡后壁、滑坡侧壁、多级台坎，有形变信息 呈现圈椅状、存在滑坡后壁、滑坡侧壁、多级台坎，无形变信息 无形态或形变信息 识别方法 光学卫星影像解译、InSAR技术、POT技术 光学卫星影像解译、InSAR技术、POT技术 光学卫星影像解译 航空物探、钻探 
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