Shallow Layer Tomography Study on Tongmai⁃Lulang Section of Sichuan⁃Tibet Railway
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摘要: 为探明川藏铁路通麦‒鲁朗段浅层地质结构特征，有效评估铁路沿线地质灾害风险，保障铁路设施安全运转，基于短周期密集台阵波形数据利用背景噪声层析成像技术获得了浅地表高分辨率的S波精细速度结构，并结合地质调查结果，精确判断沿线断层几何形态及活动特征.S波速度结构和地质调查结果显示沿线低速区和断层分布有很好的对应关系，断裂F1~F6较好地控制了下方低速区的几何形态.结合地质及地震资料可推断：（1）米林Ms6.9地震发震构造可能属于一条由一系列叠瓦状和背冲式断裂组成的断裂体系，该断裂体系的地震活动存在不断向北西端发育的趋势，地震危险性较高.在断裂体系北西端的拉月隧道，未来可能有较强的地震活动性.（2）嘉黎断裂南支西兴拉断裂在剖面处属于隐伏断裂，F5和F6可能都属于贡日嘎布曲分支，呈高角度W倾，强烈的壳内破碎带特征，可能与嘉黎断裂不断地高角度右旋逆冲剪切运动有关.（3）研究区密集的断裂控制着地下热流循环，高温流体的溶蚀作用加剧了构造作用中岩体的破碎程度，降低了岩体稳定性，易引发多种类型的地质灾害；因此，川藏铁路通麦‒鲁朗段应配备能有效应对地质灾害的监测预警系统及应急机制，保障隧道及铁路设施的正常运转.Abstract: In order to explore the characteristics of shallow geological structure of Tongmai-Lulang section of Sichuan-Tibet railway, effectively assess the risk of geological disasters along the railway and ensure the safety operation of railway facilities, high resolution S-wave velocity structure of shallow crust is obtained by ambient noise tomography based on waveform data of short-period seismic dense array in this paper, combined with geological survey results, the geometric morphology and activity characteristics of faults along the section are accurately determined. S-wave velocity structure and geological survey results show that there are good correspondences between low-velocity zones and faults distributed along the section, and F1-F6 control the geometry of the low-velocity zones below. Combining with geological analysis and seismology data, we can infer that: (1) The seismogenic structure of Milin Ms6.9 earthquake may belong to a fault system composed of a series of imbricated and back-thrust faults. The seismic activities of the fault system tend to the northwest end, where the seismic risk is higher. La Yue tunnel is located in the northwest of the fault system, which may have strong seismic activity in the future. (2) Xixingla fault, the southern branch of Jiali fault, is active as a concealed fault in the section. F5 and F6 may both belong to the Gongriga-Buqu branch with high-angle W-dip and strong fracture zone characteristics which may be related to the continuous high-angle right-handed thrust shear movement of Jiali fault. (3) The dense faults in the study area control the circulation of underground heat flow. The dissolution of high-temperature fluid intensifies the fragmentation degree of rock mass in the tectonic process, reduces the stability of rock mass, and easily leads to various types of geological disasters. Therefore, the Tongmai-Lulang section of Sichuan-Tibet railway should be equipped with effective monitoring and early warning system and emergency mechanism to deal with geological disasters and ensure the normal operation of tunnels and railway facilities.
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图 1 研究区区域构造背景及台站分布
图a中蓝色曲线为台站布设线路，蓝色虚线是利用余震精定位获取的3条米林地震发震断裂（叶进等，2020）及西兴拉断裂（Ding et al.，2001），蓝色五角星为米林Ms6.9地震震中，地质底图据自然资源部地质调查局，2019，川藏铁路交通廊带雅安‒林芝段地质图；图b中红色曲线为通麦‒鲁朗线性台站布设线路，黑色直线为最终成像剖面，紫色曲线为拉月隧道，蓝色实线表示断层F1~F6（研究组地质调查获取的跨研究剖面地表出露的断层位置），红色五角星表示台阵沿线出露的温泉群，蓝色五角星为米林Ms6.9地震震中，黄色虚线是3条米林地震发震断裂，绿色虚线为西兴拉断裂（如图a）
Fig. 1. The tectonic background of the study area and seismic station array
图 2 不同频段经验格林函数波形
a. 高频段（1~3 s）SNR大于5的部分经验格林函数波形；b. 低频段（3~5 s）SNR大于5的部分经验格林函数波形；其中，红色实线为面波信号振幅最大值的连线，表示面波走时窗的大致位置，实线的斜率表示面波传播速度
Fig. 2. Cross-correlation functions in high frequency and low frequency section
图 3 面波相速度和群速度频散曲线分布
a. 灰色曲线为随机挑选的部分面波相速度频散曲线，红点表示各周期相速度频散曲线数量，黑色曲线表示面波平均相速度值随周期的变化；b. 面波群速度图注释同上
Fig. 3. The distribution of dispersion measurements
图 4 参数λ的L-curve计算曲线
曲线拐点位置对应的λ值即为反演的最佳权重，本研究中λ=1.39
Fig. 4. L-curve analysis method used for parameter calculation in inversion
图 5 初始模型及迭代过程中的平均速度模型
红色实线为反演输入的初始模型；不同颜色的虚线表示反演中每一次迭代计算获得的输出模型，同时作为下一次迭代计算的输入模型；蓝色实线为反演的最终平均模型
Fig. 5. Initial model and average velocity models in iterative process
图 6 面波速度敏感核测试
a. 相速度敏感核分布，敏感深度可到9 km，敏感性最好（> 0.2）的频段为0.8~2.2 Hz；b. 群速度敏感核分布，敏感深度可到10 km，敏感性最好的频段为0.8~2.0 Hz
Fig. 6. Sensitivity test of group-velocity and phase velocity of surface-wave
图 7 不同深度的平面检测板测试
a. 输入的检测板模型；b~d. 分别在1.4 km、2.6 km、4.0 km深度的输出模型；网格大小为0.048°×0.048°；黄色三角形为台站；黑直线为成像剖面
Fig. 7. Checkerboard resolution test results at different depths
图 8 剖面检测板测试
a. 输入的检测板模型，在剖面浅层和深层分别设置了400 m和500 m厚度的高速体；b. 输出模型，较好地恢复了异常体的形态和速度值
Fig. 8. Checkerboard resolution test of the section
图 9 反演前后面波走时残差分布
白色，平均值μ=‒1.58 s，标准差σ=2.06 s；红色，平均值μ=‒0.61 s，标准差σ=1.73 s
Fig. 9. Distribution of surface wave traveltime residuals before and after inversion
图 10 背景噪声成像和近震面波成像结果对比
a. 研究剖面地质图，红色箭头表示玛多Ms7.4地震地震波的传播方向，紫色三角形为地震台站，黑直线为成像剖面；b. 利用背景噪声互相关提取的相速度频散曲线反演结果（地质图中黑线路径）；c. 利用近震面波双台法提取的相速度频散曲线反演结果
Fig. 10. Ambient noise tomography results compared with surface-wave tomography results for near-earthquake
图 11 反演后的S波速度剖面成像
a. 三维区域地质图及拉月隧道工程概况，红色虚线为拉月隧道，黑色曲线为成像剖面，紫色三角形为台阵，蓝色五角星为拉月隧道钻孔，红色实心圆为温泉位置；b. 地质图中黑线路径的剖面成像，蓝色细箭头为研究组地质调查获得的跨剖面出露断层F1~F6，黑色虚线为推测的F1-F6断层面倾向.黄色粗箭头为3条米林地震发震断裂，据叶进等（2020）；绿色箭头为西兴拉断裂，据Ding et al.（2001）；红色五角星为三处温泉群位置；红色沙滩球为嘉黎断裂南侧30 km范围内地震震源机制解，据李鸿儒等（2021）；黑色点线圈出的区域指示深部低速结构
Fig. 11. S-wave velocity profile result
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