How to Realize Elaborated Analysis of Regional Rock Mass Structure? A Review and Idea
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摘要:
地球演化、地下水系统、岩体工程和地质灾害涉及不同尺度的岩体结构，由于地下岩体结构数据匮乏，实现区域岩体结构精细化分析是科学难题.本文基于岩体结构跨尺度调查研究进展，归纳岩体结构精细化分析存在的问题，提出应用地球系统科学理论解决问题的设想和技术方案.岩体结构与演化历程、温压环境(PTt)密切相关，需要从系统科学角度探究不同尺度结构面的协同演化机理和跨尺度岩体结构精细分析理论；将地球系统科学与岩体结构现代探测、测试和模拟技术相结合，提出了区域岩体结构跨尺度研究的技术方案、分析理论和实现算法，以期突破区域岩体结构精细化分析的瓶颈问题.
Abstract:Earth evolution, groundwater system, rock engineering and geohazards are related to rock mass structures of different scales. Due to the data deficiency on the structure of underground rock mass, it is a significant challenge to realize the regional elaborated analysis of rock mass structure. Based on the summary of research progress of multiscale rock mass structure investigation, in this study it lists the problems in the elaborated multiscale analysis of rock mass structure. Applying the theory of earth system science, the ideas and technical solutions for these problems are proposed. Rock mass structure is closely related to the evolution process and surrounding environment (pressure-temperature-time, PTt). It is necessary to explore the co-evolution mechanism of discontinuities on different scales and the elaborated analysis theory of multiscale rock mass structure from the perspective of system science. This study combines earth system science with modern survey, experiment, and simulation of rock mass, and proposes a multiscale research approach of rock mass structure combining "PTt -mechanical model-menergy dissipation-discontinuities". The approach is expected to realize the regional elaborated analysis of rock mass structure.
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图 1 地质研究的时空尺度分析图
图中上方棱形区为地质问题的时空尺度和精度要求，下方三角区分别为研究方法及其结果所对应的时间尺度(左下)和空间尺度(右下)，各研究方法表征了时、空尺度上下限，以说明研究中普遍存在的跨尺度分析
Fig. 1. Analysis chart of spatial-temporal scales of geological research
图 2 铁峰山背斜两翼滑坡分布模式
Fig. 2. Failure mode diagram of landslide under the control of Tiefengshan anticline
图 3 断层带岩体结构及地质调查方法的空间尺度
Fig. 3. Spatial scale of fault belt rock mass structure and geological survey method
图 4 不同尺度下构造的指示作用
据Dutta and Mukherjee(2019)修改；a.常见指示韧性和脆性剪切的构造；b.具有相似几何形状的指示不同韧性剪切方向的构造；c.识别剪切方向时可能存在的错误
Fig. 4. Structural features at different scales
图 5 岩体软硬结构协同演化的概念
Fig. 5. Conceptual framework of rock mass co⁃evolution within structure and energy
图 6 PTt和岩体力学本构模型的关系示意图
Fig. 6. Relationship between PTt and constitutive model of rock mass mechanics
图 7 周口店太平山一带地质构造-岩体结构与地表参数关系体现的系统开放性特征
宏观地质构造和地形地貌格架关系；局部岩体结构与微地貌、植被关系，即局部岩体结构影响微地貌和植被时空序列
Fig. 7. External expression of relationship between geological structure, rock mass and surface parameters at Taipingshan, Zhoukoudian Town
图 8 区域岩体结构精细化分析的路径
Fig. 8. Process of elaborated analysis of rock mass structure in regional scale
图 9 PTt和岩体力学本构模型的关系示意图
a.软硬互层岩体在褶皱前的岩体结构；b.褶皱构造内跨尺度求解不可逆变形量；c.褶皱构造内跨尺度分析耗散能及结构面频度，图中展示了“背斜单元-局部岩体-宏观节理-微裂隙”的尺度变化及耗散能分布，不同尺度结构面的频度曲线示意图
Fig. 9. Relationship between PTt and constitutive model of rock mass mechanics
表 1 结构面绝对规模分类
Table 1. Scale classification of structural planes
分级 规模 地质类型 力学性质 水工环地质评价 Ⅰ级 一般延伸约数公里至数十公里以上，破碎带宽约数米至数十米乃至几百米以上，属宏观结构面 通常为大断层或区域性断层 属于软弱结构面，通常处理为计算模型的边界 往往控制地貌和水文地质单元；沿断裂带地下水露头、地质灾害呈线状分布；活动性断裂可成为发震断裂，影响区域稳定性；部分深部断裂是热、流、气的传导通道，地热资源、地球化学异常区 Ⅱ级 一般延伸约数百米至数千米，破碎带宽数十厘米至数米，属宏观结构面 多为较大的断层、层间错动、不整合面及原生软弱夹层等 属于软弱结构面，一般为岩体破坏的主要界面，充当分离面或滑动面 常影响局部地貌格局，控制微地貌；地下水渗流的主要通道或构成局部阻隔单元；影响自然斜坡或工程岩体稳定性，构成滑动岩体边界 Ⅲ级 延伸长度数十米至数百米，破碎带宽度为数厘米至1 m左右，属宏观结构面 断层、节理、发育好的层面及层间错动带或软弱夹层等 多数属于软弱结构面或较坚硬结构面 常构成斜坡壁面，控制冲沟、河谷展布的优势方向；构成地下水渗流或局部阻隔的界面；影响岩体稳定性，构成滑动岩体边界 Ⅳ级 延伸长度为数十厘米至20~30 m，宽度为几厘米不等，属显现结构面 节理、层面、次生裂隙、小断层及较发育的片理、劈理面等 多数为坚硬结构面；其力学性质与岩性和密集程度有关 结构面数量多，分布随机，控制地表局部形貌；结构面密度和张开度影响地下水流动和赋存；影响岩体的完整性和力学性质，常构成落石和块体滑动的分离面；是区域岩体结构精细化分析的主要对象 Ⅴ级 规模小，连续性差，常包含在岩块内，属微隐结构面 隐节理、微层面、微裂隙及不发育的片理、劈理等 多数为硬结构面，构成岩石块体内部的软弱界面 主要影响或控制岩块的物理力学性质 注：据黄润秋等(2004)、刘佑荣和唐辉明(2009), 有修改. 
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表 2 JRC强度估算公式汇总
Table 2. Summary of JRC strength estimation formulas
公式 说明 参考文献 $ {\tau }_{p}={\sigma }_{n}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[JRC· \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{10}\left(\frac{JCS}{{\sigma }_{n}}\right)+{\varphi }_{b}\right] $ Barton(1973) $ {\tau }_{p}={\sigma }_{n}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[JRC· JMC· \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{10}\left(\frac{JCS}{{\sigma }_{n}}\right)+{\varphi }_{b}\right] $ $ JMC $为节理吻合系数 Zhao(1997) $ {\tau }_{p}={\sigma }_{n}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[JRC· \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{10}\left(\frac{JCS}{{\sigma }_{n}}\right)+{\varphi }_{b}\right]+\frac{\pi }{2}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}i $ $ i $为起伏角 彭卫和蒋云昕(2006) $ {\tau }_{p}={\sigma }_{n}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[f\left(D\right)· \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{10}\left(\frac{JCS}{{\sigma }_{n}}\right)+{\varphi }_{b}\right] $ 分形维数$ D $的函数$ f\left(D\right) $，$ f\left(D\right)=6.12D-13.53 $ 尹红梅等(2011) $ {\tau }_{p}={\sigma }_{n}· \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[\alpha · JRC· \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{10}\left(\frac{JCS}{2{\sigma }_{n}}+\frac{JCS-C}{C-{\sigma }_{n}}\right)+{\varphi }_{b}\right] $ $ \alpha $为拟合参数；$ C $为材料强度修正基准值 邢文政等(2021) 注：基本参数$ {\tau }_{p} $为峰值剪切强度，$ {\sigma }_{n} $为作用在接触面上的法向应力；$ {\varphi }_{b} $为节理面基本摩擦角；$ JCS $结构面表面抗压强度.
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表 3 岩体结构分类和岩质斜坡结构分类方案汇总
Table 3. Summary of rock mass structure classification and rock slope structure classification
岩体结构和岩质斜坡结构分类 参考文献 整体块状结构(Ⅰ)、层状结构(Ⅱ)、碎裂结构(Ⅲ)、散体结构(Ⅳ).Ⅰ包含整体结构和块状结构；Ⅱ包括层状结构和薄层状结构；Ⅲ包括镶嵌结构、层状碎裂结构和碎裂结构 谷德振(1979) Ⅰ级岩体结构(块裂结构、板裂结构), Ⅱ级岩体结构(碎裂结构、断续结构、完整结构)和过渡型岩体结构(散体结构).由结构面类型、切割程度及结构体类型划分岩体结构，将地质体抽象为水平层状岩体、缓倾层状岩体、陡倾层状岩体、陡立层状岩体、褶曲岩体、完整块状岩体、碎裂块状岩体、盐溶化块状岩体8种地质模型 孙广忠(1993) 5类典型边坡工程地质模型：金川模型、葛洲坝模型、盐池河模型、白灰厂模型和塘岩光模型 孙玉科(2003) 5类边坡结构类型：顺层边坡、平缓软硬岩层互层边坡、滑崩堆积体边坡、溶塌角砾岩边坡、层状碎裂岩体 殷跃平(2005) 平缓层状岩体、缓倾顺向层状岩体、中倾顺向层状岩体、变角倾顺向层状岩体、陡倾顺向层状岩体、陡立-逆向层状岩体、逆向层状岩体、平缓上硬下软层状岩体、逆向上硬下软层状岩体、两组(或以上)裂隙面控制的岩体、岩层面和裂隙面组合岩体 李铁锋等(2002) 软弱结构面类(堆积层顺层、堆积层切层、堆积层斜层、半成岩顺层、粘土水平层、基岩切层、基岩水平层、基岩顺岩、基岩断层面切层、基岩断层面顺层)和软弱夹层类(膨胀土顺层、膨胀土水平层、基岩顺层、基岩水平层) 乔建平(2002) 将岩质高陡边坡，划分为层状介质边坡和非层状介质边坡，前者根据边坡介质类型、控制性地质结构面倾角、控制性地质结构面与边坡主临空面的倾向夹角进一步细分，后者进一步分为块状结构坡、碎裂结构坡、散体结构坡 伍法权(2004)
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表 4 不同尺度调查和实测内容及方法
Table 4. Field investigation methods at different scales
调查尺度 调查内容 调查方法 调查成果 区域 区域地质构造、典型构造单元间过渡、宏观地形地貌 区域基础调查成果核查、遥感解译 区域构造纲要、地貌单元及其组合关系和遥感解译图 构造单元 主构造线形迹，各类动力地质现象 无人机和面上调查 构造单元的构造线和格架 局部岩体或掌子面 结构面分布、丰枯两季岩壁温度 三维激光扫描、搭载RTK和热红外的无人机测量 掌子面或路堑边坡宏观结构面分布图、岩溶、日间(早中晚)温度分布等 小构造带或露头 结构面形态参数 拉线法或分组测量法实测结构面几何和含水参数测量 构造带素描图、结构面统计结果、湿度 岩石或手标本 岩石矿物及其变形构造，定点定向取样 肉眼、放大镜、回弹锤、激光扫描仪等；取样 标本素描图、岩石标本
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表 5 不同尺度岩体结构演化机理数值模拟方案
Table 5. Numerical simulation program of rock mass structure evolution mechanism at different scales
空间尺度 时间尺度 模拟目的 推荐方法 单元划分依据 初始及边界条件 区域尺度 演化历史各期次构造活动 各期构造活动区域应力和变形规律，仅模拟相对量 有限元或有限差分法 岩组为分区单元，根据温压环境和地质作用确定地质模型 原岩沉积为D1期构造活动初始条件，D1期模拟结果为D2期初始条件，依次类推；挤压、拉伸施加应力边界；构造抬升、侵位施加位移边界 构造单元 主构造及其叠加构造活动 岩石综合体为分区单元，据地质模型求局部模型 据主构造期前地应力确定初始条件；以区域尺度主构造期和叠加构造的应力和变形施加边界条件 局部岩体 主构造期内 构造单元内岩体变形和破裂 有限元、有限差分或离散元 工程地质岩组和主要结构面 根据构造单元模拟结果确定初始和边界条件 岩石 主构造期内 岩石变形与破坏 岩石矿物类型、排布、微裂隙 局部岩体模拟结果确定初始和边界条件
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