Classification System of Typical Engineering Geological Deformation and Failure Modes in Grottoes
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摘要:
石窟寺是宝贵的石质文物，但在复杂的赋存环境、长期的侵蚀风化以及人类活动的影响下产生了多种变形破坏问题.详细的破坏分类体系是石窟寺病害表征、解释、分级和预测的基础，而目前尚未有针对石窟变形破坏的综合分类方法.分析了川渝、陇东地区代表性石窟的工程地质条件和变形破坏特性，将石窟的变形破坏类型分为工程地质成因型和工程地质力学型，建立了2大类、6亚类、24种破坏现象的综合分类体系.采用工程地质类比法对比了石窟变形破坏及诱发机制的南北差异.陇东石窟因卸荷产生的变形破坏更多，而微环境扰动带来的变形破坏在川渝石窟更突出.在微环境扰动下，川渝石窟的破坏响应以鳞片状剥落破坏为主，而陇东石窟以渔网状剥蚀破坏为主.
Abstract:Sandstone grottoes are valuable stone cultural relics. However, due to its complex occurrence environment, long-term weathering and the human activities, a variety of deformation and failure phenomena have been produced. Detailed classification system and precise characterization are required for the diagnosis, interpretation, classification and prediction of the deformation and failure of stone cultural relics. However, there is no comprehensive classification method to describe types of deformation and failure of rock in grottoes. In this paper it investigates the engineering geological conditions and failure characteristics of grottoes in northern and southern China. Based on the engineering geological theory, the deformation and failure types of grotto are divided into engineering geological genetic types and engineering geomechanics types. According to the specific damage phenomena, a comprehensive classification method is established, including 2 classes, 6 subclasses and 24 kinds of damage phenomena. Different phenomena and mechanism in south and north grottoes are compared. North grottoes have more damage caused by unloading relaxation. But the failure in south grottoes is mainly resulted from changing micro-environment. As for changing micro-environment, fishing-net-shaped denudation is dominant in north grottoes while scaly-shaped exfoliation is prominent in south grottoes.
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Key words:
- Grotto /
- engineering geomechanics /
- failure phenomenon /
- classification system /
- sandstone /
- micro-environment
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图 2 南、北典型石窟的工程地质柱状图
a.庆阳北石窟；b.郴县大佛寺；c.安岳圆觉洞；d.大足宝顶山
Fig. 2. Engineering geological stratigraphic column of typical grottoes in north and south regions
图 3 石窟寺成岩环境控制破坏现象
a.北石窟寺32窟韵律层差异破坏；b.北石窟寺263窟塑像粉化现象；c和d.大佛寺卵砾石夹层破坏；e.安岳卧佛院石窟区泥化夹层破坏；f.安岳圆觉洞石窟区泥化夹层破坏
Fig. 3. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by lithogenesis
图 4 砂岩型石窟寺构造控制破坏现象
a.安岳圆觉洞褶皱两翼拉破坏；b.褶皱表面拉伸应力状态示意图，修改自(Hudleston and Holst, 1984)；c.北石窟寺263窟构造裂隙剪切破坏；d.北石窟寺长大构造裂隙形成的平直“岩墙”；e.北石窟寺37窟构造裂隙剪切破坏
Fig. 4. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by tectonic
图 5 砂岩型石窟寺水循环控制破坏现象
a和b.庆阳北石窟洞顶剥蚀破坏；c.大足宝顶山鳞片状剥落破坏；d.安岳圆觉洞鳞片状剥落破坏；e.安岳毗卢洞表层起壳破坏；f.庆阳北石窟寺表层起壳破坏
Fig. 5. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by drying and wetting cycles
图 6 砂岩型石窟寺其他微环境控制破坏现象
a.北石窟寺渔网状剥蚀破坏；b.北石窟寺典型的盐析作用；c.大足宝顶山石窟圆弧鼓胀破坏；d.大足北山圆弧鼓胀破坏；e.安岳毗卢洞表层脱落破坏；f.大足宝顶表层脱落破坏.
Fig. 6. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by micro environment
图 7 砂岩型石窟寺层理控制破坏现象
a.庆阳北石窟37窟洞顶冒落；b.彬县大佛寺洞顶冒落；c.庆阳北石窟洞顶冒漏；d.庆阳北石窟165主窟洞顶冒漏(已修缮)
Fig. 7. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by bedding plane
图 8 砂岩型石窟寺节理控制破坏现象
a.庆阳北石窟节理面张开破坏；b.安岳毗卢洞节理面张开破坏；c.大足宝顶节理面滑移破坏；d.庆阳北石窟节理面滑移破坏
Fig. 8. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by joints
图 9 砂岩型石窟寺卸荷裂隙控制破坏现象
a.大足宝顶山卸荷裂隙拉张破坏；b.大足北山石窟卸荷体的拉张破坏；c.安岳圆觉洞的卸荷体塌落破坏
Fig. 9. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by unloading fractures
图 10 砂岩型石窟寺开挖扰动控制破坏现象
a.安岳圆觉洞平顶板洞窟破坏；b.庆阳北石窟165窟覆斗状洞窟破坏；c.安岳毗卢洞单窟破坏；d.彬县大佛寺的多窟破坏；f.庆阳北石窟的多窟破坏.
Fig. 10. Failure sandstone grottoes caused by excavation
图 11 砂岩型石窟寺人工扰动控制破坏现象
a和b.庆阳北石窟寺32窟烟熏膨胀剥落破坏、加固失效破坏
Fig. 11. Failure of sandstone grottoes caused by artificial disturbances
图 12 石窟砂岩的变形破坏类型分布柱状图
Fig. 12. Distribution histogram of deformation and failure types of grotto sandstone
图 13 石窟砂岩变形破坏的主控因素
a.陇东石窟区; b.川渝石窟区
Fig. 13. Main factors of deformation and failure of grotto sandstone
表 1 南北典型石窟的砂岩物理力学性质
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of typical grottoes sandstone in north and south regions
密度(g/cm)3 饱和吸水率(%) P波速(m/s) 矿物平均粒径(mm) 单轴抗压强度(MPa) 巴西抗拉强度(MPa) 庆阳北石窟 2.14 8.89 2 418 0.110 23.3 1.90 郴县大佛寺 2.09 7.32 2 233 0.072 13.6 0.70 安岳圆觉洞 2.19 7.71 2 756 0.055 24.5 1.25 大足宝顶山 2.32 7.61 2 539 0.026 23.7 1.39 
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表 2 砂岩石窟寺典型工程地质变形破坏模式分类体系
Table 2. Classification system of typical engineering geological failure modes in sandstone grottoes
大类 亚类 次亚类 破坏现象 工程地质成因类型 成岩环境控制型 河流沉积成岩型 韵律层差异破坏 粉化落砂破坏 卵砾石夹层破坏 湖泊沉积成岩型 泥化夹层条带破坏 微环境控制型 水循环控制型 洞顶剥蚀破坏 鳞片状剥落破坏 表层起壳破坏 盐析控制型 渔网状剥蚀破坏 温度控制型 圆弧鼓胀破坏 酸雨控制型 表层脱落破坏 构造活动控制型 褶皱断裂控制型 褶皱两翼破坏 构造裂隙控制型 长大剪切破坏 工程地质力学类型 岩体结构控制型 层理控制型 洞顶冒落破坏 洞顶冒漏破坏 节理控制型 节理面张开破坏 节理面滑移破坏 卸荷松弛控制型 卸荷裂隙控制型 卸荷裂隙拉张破坏 卸荷体的塌落破坏 开挖扰动
控制型洞窟形式控制型 平顶板洞窟破坏 覆斗状洞窟破坏 窟群结构控制型 单窟破坏 多窟破坏 人工扰动控制型 火烧烟熏控制型 膨胀剥落破坏 工程扰动控制型 加固失效破坏
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表 3 石窟寺砂岩的变形破坏类型统计
Table 3. Statistical list of deformation and failure types of grottoes' sandstone
破坏现象 庆阳北石窟寺 彬县大佛寺 安岳石窟 大足石窟 韵律层差异破坏 7 - - - 粉化落砂破坏 19 5 - - 卵砾石夹层破坏 - 4 - - 泥化夹层条带破坏 - - 24 11 褶皱两翼破坏 - - 3 - 长大剪切破坏 6 - - - 洞顶冒落破坏 7 2 3 1 洞顶冒漏破坏 2 - - - 节理面张开破坏 37 15 19 10 节理面滑移破坏 7 2 10 4 卸荷裂隙拉张破坏 41 22 53 36 卸荷体的塌落破坏 15 - 10 3 平顶板洞窟破坏 1 1 2 14 覆斗状洞窟破坏 13 4 - 2 单窟破坏 - 6 23 18 多窟破坏 25 8 - - 洞顶剥蚀破坏 8 6 20 23 鳞片状剥落破坏 - 2 43 19 表层起壳破坏 15 5 27 10 渔网状剥蚀破坏 29 7 - - 圆弧鼓胀破坏 8 7 11 10 表层脱落破坏 - 4 28 24 膨胀剥落破坏 11 2 3 14 加固失效破坏 13 3 - 1 注：数值表示类型的数量.
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