Hybrid Sedimentary Conditions of Organic-Rich Shales in Faulted Lacustrine Basin during Volcanic Eruption Episode: A Case Study of Shahezi Formation (K1sh Fm.), Lishu Faulted Depression, South Songliao Basin
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摘要: 中国地质调查局实施部署的JLYY-1井在松辽盆地南部沙河子组钻遇51 m的富有机质混积页岩.经过取心观察和室内综合分析发现，这套51 m厚的页岩具有以下特征：第一，混积（来自盆内和盆外的硅质、钙质无机矿物物源以及不同类型的有机物源混合沉积）；第二，页岩中夹多套薄层凝灰岩或凝灰质泥/页岩；第三，页岩的纹层和页理极为发育，现场岩心浸水实验观察到大量气泡顺页理面涌出.基于JLYY-1井的元素测井资料，结合地球化学测试、扫描电镜成像、光学显微成像和Roqscan矿物成分成像测试结果，将其归纳为火山活动期断陷湖盆的富有机质混积页岩形成模式，并得出其形成条件如下：（1）多种有机物源的输入提高了页岩中有机质的丰度，也使Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型干酪根均有发育；（2）火山活动后期营养元素迁移造成藻类勃发；（3）干热气候条件下封闭咸水环境的碳酸盐岩化作用促进有机质生烃；（4）水体氧化分层形成了该段页岩的4类纹层：硅质、黏土质、钙质和黄铁矿纹层.Abstract: JLYY-1 well was drilled to explore the continental shale gas resources by the China Geological Survey of the Shahezi Formation in the south of Songliao basin, where 51 m hybrid sedimentary shale layer contributed to a high-yield shale gas breakthrough. Through coring observation and indoor comprehensive analysis, it is found that this set of 51 m shale has the following characteristics. First, hybrid sedimentary(carbonate minerals and siliceous minerals account for a high proportion, followed by volcanic materials). Second, shale is intercalated with multiple sets of thin-layer tuff or tuffaceous mud/shale. Thirdly, a large number of bubbles gushing along the foliation surface were observed in the field core immersion experiment. Based on the element logging data of well JLYY-1, combined with the test results of scanning electron microscope imaging, optical microscopic imaging, and Roqscan mineral composition imaging, it is summarized as the formation mode of organic-rich hybrid sedimentary shale in the faulted continental basin during volcanic activity periods, and the formation conditions are as follows. (1) The input of multiple organic sources improves the abundance of organic matter in shale contributing to the co-preservation of type Ⅰ, Ⅱ and type Ⅲ kerogens. (2) In the later stage of volcanic activity, the migration of nutrient elements leads to algae bloom in the intervening shales. (3) Carbonate diagenesis contributes to hydrocarbon generation in the hybrid sedimentary shales which are sedimented in a closed saltwater environment under dry and hot climates. (4) The oxidation stratification of the water body forms four types of laminae of shale in this section: siliceous, clayey, calcareous, and pyrite laminae.
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Key words:
- continental shale gas /
- hybrid sedimentary shale /
- volcanic activity /
- carbonatization /
- lamina /
- Songliao basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 梨树断陷区域构造位置和JLYY-1井地理位置
Fig. 1. Regional structure location of Lishu fault depression and geographical location of well JLYY-1
图 2 3 130 m沙河子组页岩m/z-217色谱‒质谱等离子流图
24-5α（H），14α（H），17α（H）-胆甾烷（20R）、24-甲基-5α（H），14β（H），17β（H）-胆甾烷（20R）、24-乙基-5α（H），14α（H），17α（H）-胆甾烷（20R）在正文分别用C27（R）、C28（R）和C29（R）表示，对应的等离子流积分保存时间分别为56.188、58.746和60.242
Fig. 2. The m/z-217 chromatography-mass spectrometry plasma flow diagram of Shahezi Formation shale at 3 130 m
图 3 3 117.2 m和3 124.8 m沙河子组页岩显微组分
低等水生藻类来源为主，含量丰富，呈层状与其他矿物混合分布.藻类降解形成的矿物沥青基质已无荧光，部分反光下呈亮白色（微粒体）
Fig. 3. Shale macerals of Shahezi Formation at 3 117.2 m and 3 124.8 m (complete information)
图 4 JLYY1井沙河子组页岩有机质电镜照片
a，b.固定形态腐殖型有机质；c，d.无定形腐泥型多孔有机质
Fig. 4. Electron microscope photos of shale organic matter in Shahezi Formation of well JLYY-1
图 5 沙河子组混积页岩纹层裂缝有机质填充显微图像
Fig. 5. Microscopic images of organic matter filling in laminar fractures of mixed shale of Shahezi Formation
图 6 成岩作用改造的条带状硅藻类物质显微图像
Fig. 6. Microscopic images of banded diatom material transformed by diagenesis
图 7 JLYY-1井地化录井图：热解S1值、Tmax值、解吸气量（TGC）、生烃组分差异指数（HSCI）计算结果
Fig. 7. Geochemical logging of well JLYY-1: calculation results of pyrolysis S1 value, Tmax value, analytical gas volume and hydrocarbon generation index (HSCI)
图 8 松辽盆地JLYY1井沙河子组泥页岩段柱状图
左侧元素值为JLYY-1井元素录井数据，有机碳为特殊测井解释结果，S1值为有机地球化学录井数据，解吸气量也是JLYY-1井现场解吸气测试结果
Fig. 8. Columnar diagram of Shahezi Formation shale section of well JLYY1 in Songliao basin
图 9 火山灰沉积成岩后期的营养元素迁移模式
Fig. 9. Nutrient element migration model in the later diagenetic stage of volcanic ash deposition
图 10 JLYY1井沙河子组凝灰岩夹层锆石颗粒
该20个锆石颗粒边缘条带明显，属于再生重结晶锆石.探针打点为颗粒上红圈处，均为锆石重结晶条带处
Fig. 10. Hand specimen and optical micrograph of 3 143 m tuff in Shahezi Formation of well JLYY-1
图 11 凝灰岩夹层锆石颗粒及其临近页岩层的280U和232Th元素含量
Fig. 11. 280U and 232Th element contents of zircon particles in tuff interlayer and its adjacent shale of well JLYY-1
图 12 JLYY-1井混积页岩XRD全岩矿物组成
全岩矿物组成测试数据是从JLYY-1井3 076~3 164 m均匀采样，采样间隔2~4 m
Fig. 12. XRD whole rock mineral compositions of mixed shale in well JLYY-1
图 13 JLYY-1井混积页岩碳酸岩矿物的赋存形态
Fig. 13. Occurrence form of carbonatite minerals in mixed shale of well JLYY-1
图 14 碳酸根诱导有机质去碳化+羟基化反应原理（Zhang et al., 2015）
Fig. 14. Principle of decarbonization + hydroxylation of organic matter induced by carbonate
图 15 沙河子组混积页岩碳酸盐岩矿物‒粘土矿物‒有机质的Ca和C元素交换
Fig. 15. Ca and C element exchange of carbonate mineral⁃clay mineral⁃organic matter in mixed shale of Shahezi Formation
图 16 JLYY1井沙河子组泥页岩层古环境元素分析柱状图
左侧元素数据来源于元素录井数据，中间矿物组成来源于元素测井解释结果，左侧S1值来源于有机地化录井数据，最左侧TGC代表现场解吸气数据
Fig. 16. Histogram of paleoenvironmental element analysis of Shahezi Formation shale in well JLYY-1
图 17 JLYY1井沙河子组泥页岩现场浸水实验和荧光显示照片
Fig. 17. Water immersion test and fluorescent display photos of shale in Shahezi Formation of well JLYY-1
图 18 JLYY1井沙河子组混积页岩纹层Roqscan扫描图像
BSE为扫描电镜背散射图像，Minmap是Roqscan全视域矿物图像，识别图像以硅质和黏土质纹层交互出现为主，且存在黄铁矿纹层
Fig. 18. Roqscan scanning images of mixed shale lamina of Shahezi Formation in well JLYY-1
图 19 火山活动期富有机质混积页岩沉积模式
Fig. 19. Sedimentary model of organic⁃rich mixed shale during volcanic activity
表 1 JLYY⁃1井生产天然气的碳同位素测试结果
Table 1. Carbon isotope test results of natural gas produced by well JLYY-1
样品编号 δ13CPDB（‰） 甲烷 乙烷 丙烷 异丁烷 正丁烷 异戊烷 正戊烷 二氧化碳 1 ‒37.1 ‒28.2 ‒25.4 ‒25.9 ‒24.2 ‒25.2 ‒24.1 ‒28.8 2 ‒37.0 ‒28.2 ‒25.4 ‒25.8 ‒23.9 ‒25.5 ‒24.0 ‒28.9 3 ‒37.0 ‒28.3 ‒25.4 ‒25.7 ‒24.0 ‒25.9 ‒24.1 ‒29.0 
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