Study on the Ultra-Late Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Migration Lagging Effect in Laizhouwan Sag, Bohai Sea
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摘要: 油气运移滞后效应是指油气从烃源岩中生成并排出的时间早，而聚集成藏的时间晚，油气经历了长时间长距离运移，已聚集成藏的油气相态与成熟度低于现今烃源岩成熟演化的现象.这种油气运移滞后效应在东部新生代陆相断陷盆地中普遍存在，在斜坡带表现最为明显.通过利用地球化学分析，平衡剖面技术、盆地模拟、包裹体分析等手段，对渤海海域莱州湾凹陷各成藏要素的时空耦合关系进行研究，认为研究区存在明显的油气运移滞后效应及超晚期成藏，主要表现在：莱州湾凹陷沙四段烃源岩在东营组中晚期已进入排烃期，而浅层圈闭形成于新构造运动时期，油气主要充注期则在2 Ma至今；且油气成藏呈现出靠近北洼的构造成藏时间早，远离北洼的构造成藏时间晚，深部层系成藏时间早，浅部层系成藏时间晚的规律.此外，还对油气运移滞后效应的成因进行探讨，认为构造运动对烃源岩生排烃进程与油气垂向运移控制作用、油气差异聚集原理控制油气充注次序以及烃源岩层段发育的超压阻滞流体的运移是油气运移滞后效应产生的主要因素.Abstract: The lagging effect of oil and gas migration refers to the phenomenon that the oil and gas generated and discharged from the source rock too early but accumulated too late, so the oil and gas experienced long-term and long-distance migration, resulting in the phase state and maturity of the accumulated reservoir being lower than that from the current source rock. This lagging effect of hydrocarbon migration is common in Cenozoic continental rift basins in eastern China, especially in slope zone. By means of geochemical analysis, balanced section technique, basin simulation and inclusion analysis, this paper studies the spatiotemporal coupling relationship of various reservoir forming factors in Laizhouwan Sag, Bohai Sea, It is show that there are obvious oil and gas migration lagging effect and ultra-late hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area. The source rocks of the Sha4 formation have entered the hydrocarbon expulsion period during the middle-late Dongying Formation, while the shallow traps were formed in the Neotectonic movement period, and the main hydrocarbon filling period is from 2 Ma to now; the oil and gas accumulation time that near northern depression is early, while the structures that far away from northern depression is late, the deep strata is early, while the shallow strata is late. In addition, this paper also discusses the causes of the oil and gas migration's lagging effect. It is considered that tectonic movement controls the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion and the vertical migration of oil and gas, the principle of oil and gas differential accumulation controls the sequence of oil and gas charging, and the movement of overpressure blocking fluid developed in the source rock section is the main factors for the lagging effect of oil and gas migration.
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图 1 莱州湾凹陷构造位置及地层综合柱状图
绝对年龄单位：Ma
Fig. 1. Structural location and stratigraphic comprehensive histogram in the Laizhouwan Sag
图 2 莱州湾凹陷平衡演化剖面
剖面构造位置为A⁃A’
Fig. 2. Structural balanced cross section of the Laizhouwan Sag
图 4 莱州湾凹陷烃源岩与原油饱和烃色-质谱特征
a. KL10⁃1⁃D井，3 160 m，北洼沙四段烃源岩；b.KL10⁃1⁃D井，2 750 m，北洼沙三段烃源岩；c. KL11⁃2⁃B井，1 565~1 590 m，南洼沙三段烃源岩；d. KL11⁃2⁃B井，1 765~1 790 m，南洼沙四段烃源岩；e. KL10⁃4⁃A井，2 113~2 121.5 m，沙三段原油；f. KL16⁃1⁃F，1 260 m，沙三下亚段原油；g. KL16⁃1⁃A井，1 011~1 018 m，馆陶组原油；h. KL10⁃2⁃C井，1 408 m，明下段原油
Fig. 4. GC⁃MS characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon in source rock and crude oil of Laizhouwan Sag
图 6 莱州湾凹陷烃源岩生烃模拟
开放体系的Rock⁃Eval热模拟实验，3 ℃/Ma升温速率；a. 北洼沙三段烃源岩；b. 南洼沙四段烃源岩
Fig. 6. Hydrocarbon generation simulation experiment of source rock in Laizhouwan Sag
图 7 莱州湾凹陷单井烃源岩热成熟演化史模拟图
a. 北洼虚拟井1；b. 南洼虚拟井2；位置见图 8
Fig. 7. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history in two typical wells in the Laizhouwan Sag
图 8 莱州湾凹陷烃源岩成熟度平面分布图
a为沙四段烃源岩；b为沙三下亚段烃源岩；据汤国民等（2019）
Fig. 8. Horizontal distribution of source rock maturity in Laizhouwan Sag
图 9 莱州湾凹陷烃源岩参数随深度的变化
Fig. 9. Thermal maturity parameters of source rock with depth in Laizhouwan Sag
图 10 莱州湾凹陷莱南缓坡带典型构造油气充注时间
1. 垦利10⁃4⁃A井；2.垦利16⁃1⁃B井；①.KL10⁃4⁃A井，1 210 m，细砂岩，部分石英颗粒具典型的次生加大特征，粒间孔隙及微裂缝中见黑色沥青，发育1期次的淡黄色的轻质油包裹体，与其伴生盐水包裹体大多为沿切穿砂岩石英颗粒的微裂隙成线状或成带分布，呈透明无色或灰色，对盐水包裹体均一温度进行了测量统计；②.KL10⁃4⁃A井，2 126 m，细砂岩，部分粒间孔隙及微裂缝中含轻质油，沿石英颗粒微裂隙分布、发育1期次淡黄色-灰色的油气包裹体，发育于砂岩石英颗粒成岩次生加大期后，与其伴生的盐水包裹体沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙成线状分布，呈透明无色或灰色；③.KL16⁃1⁃B井，1 075 m，细砂岩，沿石英颗粒微裂隙成带分布、发育1期次呈淡黄色的轻质油包裹体，油气包裹体发育于砂岩石英颗粒成岩次生加大期后，与其伴生的盐水包裹体大多为沿切穿砂岩石英颗粒的微裂隙成线状或成带分布，呈透明无色或灰色；④.KL16⁃1⁃B井，1 551 m，细砂岩，沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙分布、发育1期次的呈透明无色-灰色的轻质油气包裹体. 该砂岩粒间空隙中普遍充填黑色、黑褐色固体（碳质）沥青，包裹体大多为沿切穿砂岩石英颗粒的微裂隙成线状或成带分布，呈透明无色或灰色
Fig. 10. Hydrocarbon accumulation periods of typical structural in southern slope zone of Laizhouwan sag
图 11 莱州湾凹陷含油气系统成藏事件图
Fig. 11. Hydrocarbon accumulation events of the petroleum system in the south slope of Laizhouwan Sag
图 12 莱州湾凹陷油气运移滞后效应的成因示意图
剖面见B⁃B’
Fig. 12. Origin of the lag effect of oil and gas migration on the southern slope of Laizhou Sag
图 13 莱州湾凹陷储层烃类包裹体特征
a, b. 沿切穿石英颗粒微裂隙分布，荧光下呈黄色，透射光下呈褐黑色，KL16⁃1⁃D井，E2s3U，1 551 m，粉砂岩, a为荧光，b为透射光; c, d. 沿石英颗粒微裂隙分布，荧光下呈黄绿色，透射光下呈淡黄色，KL16⁃1⁃D井，N1g，1 318 m，细砂岩; c为荧光，d为透射光; e, f. 在方解石胶结物内分布，荧光下呈蓝白色，透射光下呈无色，KL10⁃4⁃B井，E2s3U，2 126 m，细砂岩, e为荧光，f为透射光
Fig. 13. Characteristics of hydrocarbon inclusions in the south slope of Laizhouwan Sag.
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