Origin of Ore-Forming Magmas Associated with Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposits in Orogenic Belts: Case Study of Permian Huangshannan Magmatic Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit, East Tianshan, NW China
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摘要: 位于中亚造山带南缘的新疆东天山地区因其出露大量的二叠纪镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体并产出一系列铜镍硫化物矿床而成为近年来地质学界关注的焦点.选择新疆东天山地区黄山南含铜镍矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体为研究对象，对其开展了系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究，以探讨造山带铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆起源与性质.黄山南岩体主要由方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、（橄榄）辉长苏长岩和闪长岩组成.各岩相显示富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、强烈亏损Nb-Ta、Ti，类似于典型岛弧火山岩特征.黄山南镁铁质-超镁铁质岩具有较大变化范围的εNd（t=282.5 Ma）值（-1.31~4.22）和（87Sr/86Sr）i比值（0.703 2~0.706 9）以及高的（206Pb/204Pb）i比值（17.67~18.90），暗示其来源于一个适度富集的亏损地幔并经历了5%~20%新生地壳物质混染和~5%上地壳物质混染.根据橄榄石最高Fo牌号（摩尔含量为86.6%）计算的黄山南母岩浆为苦橄质岩浆（MgO=12.11%、FeOTotal=11.14%、Ni=306×10-6），指示其岩浆源区应为软流圈和交代地幔楔共同熔融的源区.黄山南橄榄石低的Ca（< 725×10-6）和100×Mn/Fe（1.18~1.38）、高的Ni（1 451×10-6~2 813×10-6）和Mn/Zn（11.09~23.53），暗示黄山南母岩浆来源于含有辉石岩的不均一橄榄岩地幔源区.因此，我们推测黄山南岩体的原始岩浆来源于早期经历过俯冲流体改造的含有辉石岩的交代岩石圈地幔源区.Abstract: The East Tianshan is situated along the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, and its outcrops of a series of important magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits hosted by mafic-ultramafic intrusions are the focus of recent studies. In this study, it presents a systematic study of petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Huangshannan sulfide ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusion of the East Tianshan region, in order to further discuss the origin and nature of its parental magma. The Huangshannan intrusion consists of an ultramafic unit, which is composed of harzburgite, lherzolite and olivine websterite, and a mafic unit, which is composed of (olivine) gabbronorite and diorite. The rocks of the intrusion are characterized by enrichments of large ion lithophile elements, light rare earth elements and strong negative Nb-Ta, Ti anomalies, similar to that of typical arc volcanics. These rocks also have variable isotope compositions[εNd(t=282.5 Ma)=(-1.31)-4.22;(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.703 2-0.706 9;(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.67-18.90], indicating the parental magma was derived from a moderately enriched depleted mantle source and contaminated by 5%-20% juvenile arc crust and then by ~5% upper crustal materials. According to its highest Fo olivine, the estimated parental magma of the Huangshannan intrusion has 12.11% MgO, 11.14% FeOTotal and 306×10-6 Ni, indicating the picritic magma was generated from partial melting of both the asthenosphere and mantle wedge. The low Ca (< 725×10-6), 100×Mn/Fe (1.18-1.38) and high Ni (1 451×10-6-2 813×10-6), Mn/Zn (11.09-23.53) ratios of the Huangshannan olivines indicate the Huangshannan parental magma may be derived from pyroxenite in a modally enriched peridotite mantle source. Therefore, it speculates that the Huangshannan primary magmas were likely derived from a lithospheric pyroxenite mantle source as the result of slab-derived fluid modification during previous subduction.
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图 1 新疆东天山镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体分布
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of East Tianshan, which shows the distribution of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions and associated sulfide deposits
图 2 东天山东段镁铁质‒超镁铁质岩体、铜镍硫化物矿床分布(a)和黄山南岩体地质平面图以及采样位置(b)
b.据Mao et al.（2016）修改
Fig. 2. Distribution and ages of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions and magmatic sulfide deposits in the eastern section of East Tianshan (a), plan view of the Huangshannan intrusion and the location of sampled drill-core in this study (b)
图 3 黄山南岩体各岩相的显微照片(正交偏光)
a，b.方辉橄榄岩；c.二辉橄榄岩；d.橄榄二辉岩；e.辉长苏长岩；f.闪长岩. 矿物缩写：Ol.橄榄石；Opx.斜方辉石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Pl.斜长石；Hb.普通角闪石；Phl.金云母；Sul.硫化物；Po.雌黄铁矿
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of the Huangshannan intrusion (cross polarized light)
图 4 黄山南岩体主量元素哈克图解
引用数据来自于Zhao et al.（2015）和Mao et al.（2016）. a. SiO2-MgO图解；b. Al2O3-MgO图解；c. TiO2-MgO图解；d.（Na2O+K2O）-MgO图解；e. CaO-MgO图解；f. FeOTotal-MgO图解
Fig. 4. Plots of SiO2 (a), Al2O3 (b), TiO2 (c), (Na2O+ K2O) (d), CaO (e), and FeOTotal (f) vs. MgO in the Huangshannan intrusion
图 5 黄山南岩体稀土元素和微量元素配分图解
球粒陨石和原始地幔来自于Sun and McDonough（1989）；黄山南引用数据来自于Zhao et al.（2015）和Mao et al.（2016）；黑山来自于Xie et al.（2014）；黄山西和黄山东来自于邓宇峰（2011）；吐哈玄武岩来自于唐冬梅等（2017）；夏日哈木来自于张志炳（2016）；金川来自于鲍坚（2019）
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element patterns for the Huangshannan intrusion
图 6 黄山南岩体Sr-Nd-Pb同位素相关图
图a演化曲线采用二元混合模型，分别用库鲁克塔格新元古代花岗闪长岩和塔里木元古代片麻状花岗岩为塔里木下、上地壳.香山数据肖庆华（2010）；黄山东和黄山西数据邓宇峰（2011）；塔里木玄武岩和巴楚基性岩墙数据引自Wei et al.（2014）；其他数据引自Xie et al.（2012）.黄山南各岩性图例同图 4
Fig. 6. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of the Huangshannan intrusion
图 7 黄山南岩体橄榄石Fo-Ni(a)；Fo-Ca(b)；辉石Wo-En-Fs分类图(c)；斜方辉石Mg#-Al2O3(d)；单斜辉石TiO2+Cr2O3-Al2O3(e)、TiO2-AlZ(f)和TiO2-Al2O3-Na2O分类图(g)
图a和b中橄榄石数据为电子探针分析结果.香山数据肖庆华（2010）；黄山东和黄山西数据邓宇峰（2011）；黑山数据引自Xie et al.（2014）；夏日哈木橄榄石数据张志炳（2016）；金川橄榄石数据康健等（2019）；其他数据引自Howarth and Harris（2017）
Fig. 7. Olivine Fo-Ni(a); Fo-Ca(b); pyroxene Wo-En-Fs classfication diagram (c); orthopyroxene Mg#-Al2O3 (d); clinopyroxene TiO2+Cr2O3-Al2O3(e), TiO2-AlZ(f) and TiO2-Al2O3-Na2O(g) classfication diagram
图 8 黄山南岩体橄榄石的100×Mn/Fe-100×Ni/Mg (a)；Zn-Mn (b)；10 000×Zn/Fe-100×Mn/Fe (c)和Mn/Zn-Ni (d)协变图解
橄榄石数据为LA-ICP-MS分析结果；引用数据来自于Howarth and Harris（2017）
Fig. 8. Huangshannan olivine 100×Mn/Fe-100×Ni/Mg (a); Zn-Mn (b); 10 000×Zn/Fe-100×Mn/Fe (c) and Mn/Zn-Ni (d) covariation diagrams
图 9 黄山南岩体橄榄石的Co-Ni (a)；Sc-Ni (b)；Li-Ti (c)和Li-Zn (d)协变图解
橄榄石数据为LA-ICP-MS分析结果；引用数据来自于Ammannati et al.（2016）
Fig. 9. Huangshannan olivine Co-Ni (a); Sc-Ni (b); Li-Ti (c) and Li-Zn (d) covariation diagrams
图 10 黄山南岩体(Th/Yb)PM‒(Nb/Th)PM协变图解
Fig. 10. (Th/Yb)PM‒(Nb/Th)PM diagram for the Huangshannan intrusion
图 11 黄山南岩体Nb/Yb-Th/Yb (a)和(Ta/La)PM-(Hf/Sm)PM (b)比值图解
a.底图引自Xie et al.（2012）；b.底图引自Zhu et al.（2010）
Fig. 11. Nb/Yb-Th/Yb (a) and (Ta/La)PM-(Hf/Sm)PM (b) diagrams for the Huangshannan intrusion
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