Research Progress on Mantle Evolution and Magmatism in the Yap Trench, Western Pacific
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摘要: 俯冲带地幔演化与岩浆作用是地球各固体圈层之间发生物质和能量交换的重要地质过程.西太平洋雅浦海沟因其极短的沟-弧距离和洋脊碰撞等独特的地质构造特征成为研究复杂条件下俯冲带演化的理想场所.为了探究雅浦海沟地幔演化与岩浆作用，本文将前人对雅浦海沟火成岩的研究数据进行整合，分析了雅浦海沟火成岩的成因，并根据火成岩形成的制约条件，对卡罗琳板块俯冲到菲律宾海板块的地幔演化与岩浆作用过程进行了讨论.结果显示雅浦海沟火成岩均具有与俯冲相关火成岩的典型特征.橄榄岩地球化学特征指示雅浦海沟地幔熔融程度为20%~25%，地幔在部分熔融过程中受到了流体与熔体的双重交代作用.Re-Os同位素特征指示雅浦海沟地幔中存在约1.16 Ga非常古老的残余地幔，表明地幔可能经历过多期熔融事件，从而导致雅浦海沟地幔非常亏损.雅浦岛弧成因至今仍存争议，主要包括：(1)现今雅浦岛弧为帕里希维拉海盆洋壳的一部分，在中新世因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞导致帕里希维拉海盆洋壳逆冲到原雅浦岛弧之上.(2)雅浦岛弧在不同构造时期经历过多期岛弧岩浆作用，包括俯冲初始阶段(~52 Ma)的弧前玄武岩、俯冲开始后的岛弧玄武岩(~25 Ma)、与卡罗琳洋脊碰撞(21 Ma)后的岛弧拉斑玄武岩(7~11 Ma).其中7~11 Ma的岛弧拉斑玄武岩指示雅浦岛弧岩浆活动并未因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞完全停止，很有可能在晚中新世短暂恢复活动.Abstract: Mantle evolution and magmatism in subduction zone are important geological processes in which circulation of materials and energy takes place among the solid layers of the earth. the Yap trench in the western Pacific ocean is an ideal place to study the evolution of subduction zone under complex conditions because of its unique geological structural characteristics such as extremely short trench-arc distance and ocean ridge-trench collision. In order to explore the mantle evolution and magmatism of the Yap trench, this paper analyzes the genesis of the igneous rocks of the Yap trench by integrating the previous research data on the igneous rocks of the Yap trench. According to the formation conditions of the igneous rocks, the mantle evolution and magmatism during the subduction of the Caroline Plate to the Philippine Sea Plate are discussed. The results show that igneous rocks of the Yap trench have the typical characteristics of subduction-related igneous rocks. The geochemical characteristics of peridotite indicate that the melting degree of mantle in Yap trench is 20%-25%, and the mantle is subjected to metasomatism of fluid and melt during the process of partial melting.The Re-Os isotope characteristics indicate that there is an ancient residual mantle with a Re depleted age of 1.16 Ga in the mantle of the Yap trench, indicating that the mantle may have experienced multi-stage melting events, resulting in a ultra-depleted mantle in the Yap trench. The origin of the Yap arc is still controversial up to now, mainly including: (1) The Yap arc is a part of the ocean crust of the Parece Vela basin, which was thrusting above the original Yap Arc in the Miocene due to the collision of the Caroline ridge. (2) Yap Arc experienced several stages of island arc magmatism in different tectonic periods, including forearc basalts at the initial stage of subduction (~52 Ma), island arc basalts after subduction (~25 Ma), and island arc basalts (7-11 Ma) after collision with the Caroline ridge (21 Ma). The 7-11 Ma island arc basalts indicate that the island arc magmatism in the Yap trench has not completely stopped due to the collision of the Caroline ridge and is likely rejuvenated in the Late Miocene.
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Key words:
- Yap trench /
- subduction zone /
- igneous rocks /
- mantle evolution /
- magmatism /
- marine geology
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图 2 雅浦海沟火成岩手标本照片及光学显微镜图像
a. 雅浦海沟橄榄岩手标本照片；b. 雅浦海沟橄榄岩光学显微镜图像；c. 雅浦海沟玄武岩手标本照片；d. 雅浦海沟玄武岩光学显微镜照片；图中Opx为斜方辉石, Cpx为单斜辉石, Serp为蛇纹石, Plagioclase为斜长石, Clinopyroxene为斜辉石；照片来源：图a、b据Chen et al.(2019a)；图c、d据Yang et al.(2018)
Fig. 2. Hand specimens and optical microscope images of igneous rocks from the Yap trench
图 3 雅浦海沟橄榄岩尖晶石Mg#-Cr#关系(a)与TiO2-Cr#关系(b)
图a中右侧纵坐标F代表地幔熔融程度, 图中还列出马里亚纳海沟与帕里西维拉海盆橄榄岩用作比较, 数据来源见图例；图改自Chen et al.(2019a)
Fig. 3. Mg number versus Cr number (a) and Cr# versus TiO2 (b) for spinel grains in the Yap trench peridotites
图 4 雅浦海沟橄榄岩MgO分别与SiO2(a)、总铁含量(FeOt)(b)、Al2O3(c)的关系, 以及CaO和Al2O3关系(d)
虚线箭头表示熔融程度增加趋势, 元素含量已重新计算到100%的无水基础上；数据来源见图例.图改自Chen et al.(2019a)
Fig. 4. Plots of MgO versus SiO2 (a), total iron content (FeOt) (b) and Al2O3 (c), and CaO versus Al2O3 (d) for the Yap trench peridotites
图 5 雅浦海沟橄榄岩MgO/SiO2与Al2O3/SiO2关系
元素含量已重新计算到100%的无水基础上；粗黑线代表地球阵列, 据Jagoutz et al.(1979).数据来源见图例.图改自Chen et al.(2019a)
Fig. 5. Plots of Al2O3/SiO2 versus MgO/SiO2 of the Yap trench peridotites
图 6 火山岩TAS图解(a)和SiO2与K2O关系(b)
元素含量已重新计算到100%的无水基础上.数据来源：北雅浦断崖火山岩据Ohara et al.(2002b), 雅浦海沟火山岩据Crawford et al.(1986)和Yang et al.(2018).底图改自Gill(1981)、Peccerillo and Taylor(1976)和Yang et al.(2018)
Fig. 6. Total alkali-silica (TAS) diagram (a) and K2O versus SiO2 diagram (b) for volcanic rocks
图 7 雅浦海沟橄榄岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图
球粒陨石成分引自Anders and Grevesse(1989).橄榄岩数据来自Chen et al.(2019a).图中灰色阴影代表深海橄榄岩组成范围, 据Niu(2004)；蓝色代表伊豆‒小笠原‒马里亚纳弧前橄榄岩组成范围, 据Parkinson et al.(1992).图改自Chen et al.(2019a)
Fig. 7. Chondrite normalized REE patterns of the Yap trench peridotites
图 8 雅浦海沟橄榄岩原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图
PM、N-MORB成分引自Sun and McDonough(1989)；Average DM、Depleted DM成分引自Workman and Hart(2005)；平均深海橄榄岩成分引自Niu(2004).图改自Chen et al.(2019a)
Fig. 8. Primitive mantle normalized trace element spider diagram of the Yap trench peridotites
图 9 玄武岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图(a)与原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)
球粒陨石与原始地幔成分引自Sun and McDonough(1989)；雅浦海沟火成岩数据引自Crawford et al.(1986)、Yang et al.(2018)和Ohara et al.(2002b)
Fig. 9. Chondrite normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle normalized trace element spider diagram (b) of the Yap trench basalts
图 10 雅浦海沟玄武岩Ba/La与(La/Yb)N关系
修改自Ohara et al.(2002b)和Yang et al.(2018)
Fig. 10. Plot of Ba/La versus (La/Yb)N of the Yap trench basalts
图 11 雅浦海沟橄榄岩动态熔融模型
源区地幔成分引自Brunelli et al.(2006), 修改自Chen et al. (2019a)
Fig. 11. Dynamic melting model of the Yap trench peridotites
图 12 雅浦海沟地幔演化模式
俯冲起始模型引自Stern and Bloomer (1992)；a.俯冲初始阶段, 此阶段下行板片垂直沉降, 地幔上涌填补板块之间的间隙, 发生减压熔融, 随后板片脱水流体向上运移进入俯冲带上方的地幔楔, 导致地幔在含水的状态下进一步熔融；b.垂直沉降变为真正的俯冲后, 残余地幔再次被俯冲相关的熔体交代
Fig. 12. Yap trench mantle evolution model
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