An Overview of Advances in Tellurium Mineralization in Telluride-Rich Gold Deposits
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摘要: 碲（Te）属于稀散元素，是我国的战略性关键矿产资源之一，富碲化物金矿床是碲元素的重要载体.将富碲化物金矿床划分为3种成因类型，分别为造山型金矿床、浅成中-低温热液型金矿床以及与碱性岩浆岩有关的金矿床.富碲化物金矿床可以形成于岛弧、大陆边缘、弧后盆地、绿岩带等多种构造环境，常受区域性断裂构造控制，其围岩专属性不强，矿床中存在大量碲化物，与自然金和硫化物伴生产出.成矿作用常可划分为3个阶段：石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物-碲化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段，其中金和碲主要在第二阶段发生沉淀富集.成矿流体一般为中-低温、中-低盐度，呈弱酸性-中性，具有较高的fTe2.富碲化物金矿床中的碲主要来源于地幔、岩浆热液和赋矿围岩.碲在流体中可以呈碲氯络合物、碲硫络合物、碲氢络合物等形式迁移，也可呈气态迁移.引起碲发生沉淀的因素主要为温度或/和压力的变化、水岩反应、流体混合、流体不混溶（沸腾）、含碲气体的冷凝以及多因素的叠加.在碲的成矿作用研究中，应重视碲化物结构和成分的微区原位分析、碲同位素分析以及热力学分析.Abstract: Tellurium (Te) belongs to dispersed elements, and is one of the strategic key mineral resources in China. Telluride-rich gold deposits are important carriers of tellurium. In this study, telluride-rich gold deposits are divided into three genetic types: orogenic gold deposits, epithermal gold deposits, and alkaline magmatic rock-related gold deposits. Telluride-rich gold deposits are developed in island arc, continental margin, back-arc basin, greenstone belt and other tectonic environments, usually restricted by regional faults. The wall rocks show a lot of varieties. Different types of tellurides coexist with natural gold and sulfides. The Au-Te mineralization process can be usually divided into three stages: quartz-pyrite stage, quartz-polymetallic sulfide-telluride stage, and quartz-carbonate stage. Gold and tellurium are mainly enriched in the second stage. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperature, medium-low salinity, weakly acidic to neutral, with high fTe2. Tellurium is mainly originated from the mantle, magmatic hydrothermal solutions, and host rocks. Tellurium can migrate in the form of Te-Cl, Te-S, and Te-H complexes in fluids as well as vapors. Precipitation of telluride can be resulted from the change of temperature or/and pressure, water-rock reaction, fluid mixing, fluid immiscibility (boiling), condensation of Te-bearing gases, and the superposition of multiple factors. In-situ micro-analysis of the structure and composition of tellurides, Te isotopic analysis, and thermodynamic analysis are prospective ways to study the mineralization of tellurium.
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Key words:
- telluride-rich gold deposit /
- telluride /
- dispersed element /
- metallogenesis /
- research progress /
- mineral deposit
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图 1 在25 ℃和300 ℃条件下，自然碲和水溶液中碲化物的pH‒氧逸度稳定范围
据Grundler et al.（2013）.矿物代号：Py.黄铁矿；Po.磁黄铁矿；Mt.磁铁矿；Hm.赤铁矿
Fig. 1. Solubility of native tellurium and predominance fields of aqueous Te species as a function of pH and oxygen fugacity at 25 and 300 ℃
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