Abnormalities, Mechanisms and Effects of Nitrite Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen and Phosphate in Sansha Bay
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摘要: 闽东三沙湾是最典型的多河流汇入的封闭型海湾，是世界上最大的大黄鱼网箱养殖基地和全国最主要的渔业养殖基地之一，多次调查却发现该湾藻类生产量远低于其他海湾，呈现"营养多藻类少"独特的生态特征，但都没有深入讨论其机制.本研究2018-2020年采用定点和大面走航方式，调查了5项营养盐(活性硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)、硝酸氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2-N)、氨氮(NH4-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P))的潮汐运动及空间分布，结果发现：(1)流域输入导致SiO3-Si、NO3-N落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度，并从岸向湾内随盐度增加而线性减少.(2)湾内养殖和自然生态系统输出导致NO2-N、NH4-N、PO4-P涨憩浓度大于落憩浓度，洪季浓度大于枯季浓度，从岸向湾NO2-N随盐度增加而非线性增加，NH4-N、PO4-P随盐度增加而平均分布等异常现象，但沿岸排污口附近NH4-N、PO4-P呈落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度.(3)湾内养殖和沿岸排污输入的高浓度NH4-N、PO4-P，是三沙湾水质严重污染和富营养化的主要原因，湾内养殖引起的高浓度NO2-N是引起三沙湾"营养多藻类少灾害多"这一独特的生态特征的主要因素.Abstract: Sansha Bay in East Fujian is the most typical closed bay where many rivers flows into. It is the largest cage breeding base for Pseudosciaena crocea in the world and one of most important fishery breeding bases in China. However, several surveys have found that the algae production in this bay is far low compared to other bays, which presents the unique ecological characteristics of "more nutrients and less algae", but the mechanism has not been discussed in-depth. Using fixed-stations and large-scale navigation methods, in this study it investigated the tidal movement and spatial distribution of five nutrients (active silicate (SiO3-Si), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and active phosphate (PO4-P)) in 2018-2020. The results show follows. (1)The upstream input causes the ebb concentration of SiO3-Si and NO3-N to be greater than the rise concentration, and they decrease linearly from the shore to the bay with salinity. (2) The aquaculture in the bay and the output of the natural ecosystem cause the rise concentrations of NO2-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P to be greater than the ebb concentrations, and the concentration in flood season is greater than that in the dry season. NO2-N increases nonlinearity with salinity from the shore to the bay instead of it is an abnormal phenomenon that NH4-N and PO4-P are evenly distributed along with the increase of salinity. However, the fall concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P near the coastal sewage outlet are greater than the rise concentration. (3) The high concentrations of NH4-N and PO4-P imported from sewage discharge in the bay and coastal areas are the main cause of serious water pollution. Eutrophication in the Sansha Bay is the main factor of the unique ecological characteristics of "more nutrients and less algae".
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Key words:
- Sansha Bay /
- abnormal nitrite nitrogen /
- nutrients /
- eutrophication /
- ecology
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图 1 三沙湾水质采样和调查点分布
Ⅰ~Ⅴ表示5个断面
Fig. 1. Distribution of surface water samples in the Sansha Bay
图 3 2020年6月份三沙湾表层水体盐度与5项营养盐空间分布特征
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of salinity and nutrients in surface water of the Sansha Bay in flood season
图 4 三沙湾由陆向海五个断面的水质分布变化
Fig. 4. Changes of nutrients from land to sea along five sections in the Sansha Bay
图 5 洪季三沙湾营养盐和盐度的关系
Fig. 5. The relationship between nutrients and salinity in the Sansha Bay of flood season
表 1 潜在性富营养化评价表
Table 1. Classification of potential nutrient levels
等级 富养级 DIN(μmol·L-1) PO4-P(μmol·L-1) N: P I 贫营养 < 14.28 < 0.97 8~30 II 中度营养 14.28~21.41 0.97~1.45 8~30 III 富营养 < 21.41 < 1.45 8~30 IVP 磷限制中度营养 14.28~21.41 < 30 VP 磷中等限制潜在性富营养 < 21.41 30~60 VIP 磷限制潜在性富营养 < 21.41 < 60 IVN 氮限制中度营养 0.97~1.45 < 8 VN 氮中等限制潜在性富营养 < 1.45 4~8 VIN 氮限制潜在性富营养 < 1.45 < 4 注：郭卫东等(1998). 
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表 2 三个定点五项营养盐的落憩/涨憩比值
Table 2. Five nutrients of three fixed-stations fall rest/rise rest ratio
SiO3-Si NO3-N NH4-N PO4-P NO2-N S1-大金溪 2.86 1.20 2.58 1.75 0.96 S2-白马港 1.77 1.44 0.30 0.70 0.48 S3-盐田港 1.19 1.38 0.69 0.50 0.62
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