Asymmetric Deep Structure of the South China Sea Basin and Its Controlling Factors
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摘要: 南海海盆区具有复杂的构造演化史，但目前对其深部结构的不对称性的研究和控制因素的探讨还存在不足.利用南海最新的重力数据和从27条地震剖面上获取的海盆范围沉积物精确数据计算了全海盆的剩余地幔布格重力异常（residual mantle Bouguer anomaly，RMBA），并反演了海盆的地壳厚度，运用Crust1.0数据进行了相关性分析.研究结果表明，南海海盆的残留扩张脊两翼在地形、RMBA和洋壳厚度上存在明显的不对称性，北翼比南翼有更多的海山分布、更低的RMBA值以及更厚的洋壳.这种明显的南北不对称性表明北侧比南侧有更高的地幔温度和更活跃的岩浆活动，反映了南海深部结构的不对称性.南海深部结构的不对称性可能与洋中脊向南的跃迁有关.洋脊跃迁导致在新老洋脊之间产生部分熔融，使扩张中心北侧产生更高的地幔温度，以及更强烈的岩浆活动，从而显示出更低的RMBA值和更厚的洋壳，并形成更多的后扩张期海山.Abstract: The South China Sea basin has a complex tectonic evolutionary history, but the study of the asymmetry of deep structure and the control factors are still inadequate. The residual mantle Bouguer anomaly (RMBA) of the whole basin is calculated by using the latest gravity data collected from the South China Sea and the accurate sediment data based on the explanation of 27 seismic profiles. The crustal thickness of the basin is inverted, and the correlation analysis is carried out by using Crust1.0 data.The results show that there is obvious asymmetry in topography, RMBA and crustal thickness on each side of South China Sea basin, the north side has more sea mountains, lower RMBA value and thicker oceanic crust than the southern side. This apparent north-south asymmetry indicates a higher mantle temperature and more active magmatic activity on the north side, reflecting the asymmetry of the deep structure of the South China Sea. The asymmetry of this deep structure may be related to the southern jumping of the mid-ocean ridge. The mid-ocean ridge jumping resulted in partial melting between the old and new ridges, leading to higher mantle temperatures on the north side of the expansion center, as well as stronger magmatic activity, which showed more negative RMBA values, thicker oceanic crustal thickness and more after-expansion seamounts.
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图 1 南海形态特征和主要构造单元
Fig. 1. Morphological features and major tectonic units in the South China Sea
图 3 全球数据库中南海沉积物厚度与本研究中使用的高分辨率沉积物厚度数据对比
a.从全球数据库中截取的沉积物厚度；b.全球沉积物数据在南海海盆区的沉积物厚度c.本研究使用的海盆区高分辨率沉积物数，据Yin et al. (2020)
Fig. 3. Sediment thickness of the South China Sea basin from global database compare with the high-resolution sediment data used in this study
图 4 南海海盆的MBA（a）、RMBA（b）和相对地壳厚度（c）
Fig. 4. MBA (a), RMBA (b) and crust thickness (c) of South China Sea
图 5 Crust1.0数据和计算的地壳厚度在横穿研究区域的剖面上的对比（a），剖面路径见图 4c红色实线；重力反演的地壳厚度与Crust1.0数据的对应关系（b）
Fig. 5. Comparison of Crust1.0 data and calculated crustal thickness on the section of the study area (a), the path is showed as a red solid line in Fig. 4c; correlation between inverted crustal thickness by gravity and Crust1.0 data (b)
图 6 南海地壳厚度的平面展布（a）；沿测线的地壳厚度变化（b）
Fig. 6. Crustal thickness of the South China Sea (a); changes in crustal thickness along the profiles (b)
图 8 沿着18 Ma、20 Ma、22 Ma对应的RMBA值之差
绿色线为东部次海盆中RMBA差值的平均值，蓝色线为西南次海盆中RMBA差值的平均值.分布位置见于图 4a
Fig. 8. The difference of the corresponding RMBA along the ages of 18 Ma, 20 Ma, and 22 Ma
表 1 计算中用到的参数
Table 1. Parameters used in calculations
参数 种类 值 单位 Δρ 岩石圈平均密度变化 kg/m3 α 热膨胀系数 3.5×10-5 ℃-1 T0 地幔参考温度 1 350 ℃ T 每层岩石圈的温度 ℃ ρ0 地幔参考密度 3.3×103 kg/m3 ρm 地幔密度 3.3×103 kg/m3 ρc 洋壳密度 2.7×103 kg/m3 
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