Method and Application of Reservoir "Source-Route-Sink-Rock" System Analysis
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摘要: 复杂油气储层非均质性强、“甜点”成因控制因素复杂，面对精细表征与预测要求，储层研究需要在研究思路与方法体系上有所改进.基于盆地沉积学发展起来的“源-汇”系统分析为复杂储层系统研究提供了新思路.经过多年实践，本文提出了储层系统研究的“源-径-汇-岩”（source-route-sink-rock，SRSR）系统分析思路与方法，强调开展基于沉积物（岩）的四个子系统研究，即“源——沉积物物质组成与来源”、“径——沉积物搬运过程与路径”、“汇——沉积物汇聚堆积环境与变化”、“岩——沉积物埋藏成岩过程与成岩相”.介绍了各个子系统要素构成，认为四个子系统共同决定宏观和微观非均质性，共同决定储层质量.在源汇分区、沉积相分区及成岩相分区基础上，用甜度RSI指标划分区域储层“甜点”等级，并在乌石凹陷低渗储层评价中加以应用，取得良好效果.储层SRSR系统分析是复杂“甜点”储层成因研究的新思路，是复杂非均质储层精细表征的技术遵循，为开展复杂常规储层、致密储层、非常规泥页岩储层定量化评价预测提供了新的理论和方法支持.Abstract: Complex oil and gas reservoirs have strong heterogeneity and complex "sweet spot" genetic control factors. Faced with the requirements of fine characterization and prediction, reservoir research needs to be improved from the research ideas and method system. The "source-sink" (S2S) system analysis developed based on basin sedimentology provides new ideas for the study of complex reservoir systems. In this paper, it further proposes the "source-route-sink-rock" (SRSR) system analysis ideas and methods, emphasizing the development of four sub-systems: "source-sediment material composition and source", "route-sediment transport process and path", "sink-sediment convergence accumulation environment and change", and "rock-sediment burial diagenetic process and diagenetic facies". The element composition of each subsystem in the reservoir research system is preliminarily established in this paper. The four subsystems jointly determine the macro and micro heterogeneity attributes and jointly determine the reservoir quality. Based on the source-sink division, sedimentary facies division and diagenetic facies division, we used the sweetness RSI index to classify regional reservoir "sweet spots" and applied it in the evaluation of low-permeability reservoirs in Wushi Depression, and achieved good results. Reservoir SRSR system analysis is a novel idea to the study of the genesis of complex "sweet spot" reservoirs, and it is the technology to follow for the fine characterization of complex heterogeneous reservoirs. It provides new theoretical and methodological support for quantitative evaluation and prediction of complex conventional reservoir, tight reservoir and unconventional shale reservoir.
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图 1 储层“源-径-汇-岩”系统要素结构图
Fig. 1. Factor chart of reservoir "source-route-sink-rock" system
图 3 从陆地到海洋全流域“源-径-汇”系统地貌图
据Sømme et al.（2009）和林畅松等（2015）改编
Fig. 3. Schematic map showing the distribution of regional geomorphologic units in the "source-route-sink" system from the continent to ocean basin
图 4 储层“源-径-汇-岩”各系统全要素构成
Fig. 4. The total elements of each system constitute of reservoir"source-route-sink-rock"system
图 5 玛曲段黄河干流及支流河型变化
据百度地图，https://map.baidu.com/@11368525.64，3997524.09，13z/maptype%3DB_SATELLITE_MAP
Fig. 5. The variations of the main stream and tributary of the Yellow River
图 6 南美Altiplano高原河流“径”子系统随时间、空间变化
据Li et al.（2014）. C1为1975年，C2为1985年，C3为1987年，C4为1994年，C5为1997年
Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the abandoned channel Routes subsystem of Altiplano Plateau in South America
图 8 储层“源-径-汇-岩”系统分析评价流程
Fig. 8. A comprehensive evaluation of reservoir "source-route-sink-rock" system
图 9 乌石凹陷储层“源-径-汇-岩”系统评价四联平面图
a.源-汇分区平面图；b.成岩相平面图；c.孔隙相平面图；d.储层甜点平面图
Fig. 9. Quad maps of reservoir "source-route-sink-rock" system in Wushi Depression
表 1 乌石凹陷储层甜点类型分级特征
Table 1. The classification characteristics of reservoir sweet spot types in Wushi Depression
储层甜点类型 储层甜点指数 主要孔隙相类型 孔隙度（%） 渗透率（10-3 μm2） FZI Ⅰ类 RSI > 300 A类，B类 16.07~16.17（16.12） 80.71~96.52（88.62） 2.12~8.83（4.59） Ⅱ类 200 < RSI < 300 B类 13.60~15.70（14.80） 27.91~68.49（47.27） 1.15~2.58（1.89） Ⅲ类 100 < RSI < 200 B类, C类 11.10~15.50（13.60） 7.60~33.09（20.00） 0.81~2.41（1.24） Ⅳ类 50 < RSI < 100 C类，D+E类 8.51~11.82（10.23） 0.47~8.18（3.49） 0.21~0.88（0.47） Ⅴ类 RSI < 50 D+E类，F类 8.51~9.49（9.07） 0.47~1.18（0.83） 0.21~0.68（0.37） 注：孔隙度、渗透率和FZI的数值表达为：最小值-最大值（平均值）. 
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