Petrogenesis, Mineralization and Prospecting Information of Permian Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks, Beishan, Xinjiang
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摘要: 为认识新疆北山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质岩石成岩成矿作用，基于地质调查获得的新资料，对这套岩石存在争议或认识模糊的年代学、岩浆起源与性质、动力学背景、硫化物熔离机制等进行了重新梳理.区内幔源岩浆除了早二叠世大规模侵入，中二叠世还有一期小规模侵入（261~266 Ma）.母岩浆起源于受俯冲流体交代改造的亏损地幔在相对浅的深度发生高程度部分熔融，其具高温、高镁、含水、氧化特征.这些岩石并非地幔柱成因，亦非产于岛弧环境，而是造山后伸展背景下板片断裂引起的软流圈地幔上涌形成镁铁质侵入岩.坡北亚带和红石山亚带具有类似的岩石矿物组合和地球化学特征，但是矿化方式有明显差异.不同类型矿化是硫化物多期次熔离的产物，来自邻近VMS型铜矿床的外源硫混染触发硫化物在橄榄石结晶分异之前熔离，高品位脉状矿化是硫化物矿浆晚期贯入苏长岩的产物.超镁铁质岩相橄榄石中较低的Ni含量，岩体低Ti、高Mg、高m/s和m/f比值、母岩浆MgO含量大于11.5%、部分熔融程度不低于10%、固结指数SI大于50，均是有利的找矿指标，红十井深大断裂一带可能具有找矿潜力.Abstract: A series of Permian mafic-ultramafic complexes associated with large and medium-sized Ni deposits have been found in recent decades in the Beishan area, Xinjiang, NW China. Based on the new data obtained from the geological survey, a few controversial scientific issues, such as geochronology, the origin and nature of parental magma, tectonic setting, sulfide immiscibility mechanism, etc., are redefined. Two episodes of mafic magmatism in the Beishan area were recognized. i.e. the Early Permian and Middle Permian (261-266 Ma). The parental magma may have originated from high degree partial melting of the depleted mantle which suffered from metasomatism and modification by subduction-related fluid in relatively shallow depth. It is characterized by high temperature, high Mg content, oxidized and hydrous nature. The Beishan mafic-ultramafic rocks are of non-plume origin, as well as of non-arc origin. The tectonic setting seems more likely slab break-off and consequent upwelling from an asthenosphere mantle in post-orogenic setting. The Pobei sub-belt and the Hongshishan sub-belt have similar rock types and geochemical features, but different mineralization types, suggesting multi-stages and differences of sulfide segregation mechanism. Addition of external S from adjacent VMS Cu deposits triggers sulfide segregation prior to olivine crystallization. Injection of ore pulp to later norite gives rise to vein-type mineralization with high Ni tenor. Finally, some indicators are proposed for the future prospecting, for example, relatively low Ni content in olivine from ultramafic rocks, high Mg but low Ti contents, high m/s and m/f ratios, tholeiitic parental magma (>11.5% MgO), relatively high degree of partial melting (>10%) and high solidification index (>50). The area along the Hongshijing deep fault is of further prospecting potential.
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图 1 研究区区域地质简图
a.中亚造山带分布；b.新疆镁铁质岩分布(据陈继平等，2013和Zhang et al., 2015修改)；c.东天山-北山镁铁-超镁铁质岩分布(据Su et al., 2012修改)；d.新疆北山镁铁-超镁铁质岩分布(据Ruan et al., 2020修改).①大南湖-头苏泉岛弧，②小热泉子-梧桐窝子弧内盆地，③康古尔-黄山韧性剪切带，④雅满苏弧后盆地；I.阿齐库都克-沙泉子断裂，Ⅱ.红柳河-依格孜塔格断裂，Ⅲ.白地洼-淤泥河断裂，Ⅳ.红十井断裂
Fig. 1. Regional geological map of the studied area
图 2 新疆北山镁铁-超镁铁质岩岩相期次及矿化
Fig. 2. Lithofacies sequence and mineralization of mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Beishan area, Xinjiang
图 3 新疆北山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质岩带岩体侵位年龄
各岩体年龄见附表 3；东天山-北山镁铁质岩年龄范围据Qin et al.(2011)
Fig. 3. Ages of the Permian mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Beishan area, Xinjiang
图 4 新疆北山镁铁-超镁铁质岩及同时期中酸性岩石的Sr-Nd同位素组成
早二叠世岩石数据参考Su et al.(2012)，Xue et al.(2016a, 2016b)和Zhang et al.(2015)，中二叠世岩石数据参考苏本勋等(2010)和Xue et al. (2016b)；MORB.大洋中脊玄武岩；OIB.洋岛玄武岩；EMⅠ.Ⅰ型富集地幔；EMⅡ.Ⅱ型富集地幔
Fig. 4. Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of mafic-ultramafic rocks and contemporaneous felsic rocks in Beishan area
图 5 新疆北山镁铁质岩石中铬铁矿内部固相包裹物
a.角闪石(Amp)和金云母(Phl)包裹体；b.钠金云母(Na-Phl)和角闪石包裹体；c.镍黄铁矿(Pn)和黄铜矿(Ccp)包裹体；d.角闪石和希兹硫镍矿(Hwd)包裹体
Fig. 5. Solid inclusions in chromite from the mafic rocks in the Beishan area
图 6 坡北亚带浸染状矿化和脉状团块状矿化(a~e)和红石山亚带的浸染状矿化(f)
Fig. 6. Disseminated and vein-type sulfide mineralization in the Pobei sub-belt (a-e) and disseminated sulfide in the Hongshishan sub-belt(f)
图 7 新疆北山地区不同类型矿石的Pd-Cu/Pd散点图
坡一和红石山数据分别参考Xue et al.(2016a)和Ruan et al.(2020)；红星代表原始地幔成分，演化线中斜体数字代表早期熔离硫化物的量(据Wang et al., 2018b)
Fig. 7. Plot of Pd vs. Cu/Pd for various sulfide ores in the Beishan area
图 8 新疆北山“岩浆多期次侵入+硫化物多期次熔离”的镍成矿模式(据Ruan et al., 2020修改)
Fig. 8. Model of "multi-stages of magma emplacement and sulfide segregation" for the Ni mineralization in the Beishan area, Xinjiang (modified from Ruan et al., 2020)
图 9 红石山镁铁-超镁铁质亚带成矿相关元素变化
Fig. 9. Plots of mineralized elements in the Hongshishan sub-belt
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