Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Groundwater Flow System in the Typical Coastal Plain: A Case Study of Hangjiahu Plain
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摘要: 滨海平原地区地下水流系统水化学场演化过程复杂，同时受古海侵咸化以及现代人类活动影响，当前对其专门分析的研究较少.以杭嘉湖平原为例，综合运用多元统计和水化学分析方法，对采集的78个深层孔隙承压水样品水化学数据进行解译.研究表明：区内水化学分区可划分为“古海侵区”、“径流排泄区”、“海水咸化区”，水化学类型依次为Na-Cl-HCO3型、Na-HCO3和Na-Ca-HCO3型、Na-Cl型.深层地下水化学成因包括“海水入侵和离子交换”、“天然矿物溶解”、“人类活动”.滨海平原区地下水流系统无明显级次划分，地下水化学场演化先后经历原生淡水形成、古海侵咸化、人为超采和现代海水入侵3个阶段，当前不同程度的“人类活动”已取代自然过程成为驱动区内地下水流系统、尤其是水化学场演化的主要因素.Abstract: The hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater flow system in the coastal plainis a complicated process which is influenced by both ancientseawater intrusion and modern anthropogenic activities. However, at present few of previous studies specially investigated on it.In this study, taking the Hangjiahu Plain as an example, the multivariate statistics and hydrochemical analysis methods are used to interpret the hydrochemical data of 78 water samples from deep confined aquifers. Results show that hydrogeochemicalzones of this typical coastal plain can be classified as the ancient seawater intrusionzone, salinized zone and runoff-discharge zone, with the hydrochemical type of Na-Cl-HCO3, Na-HCO3and Na-Ca-HCO3, and Na-Cl, respectively.The dominant factors of groundwaterhydrogeochemical evolution of this coastal plain were seawater invasion and ion exchange, natural rock dissolution and anthropogenic activities. No obvious groundwater flow system hierarchy was foundin the coastal plain. There is a typical pattern of hydrogeochemical evolutionoccurring. Such evolutionis constituted with the following three stages: (1) the formation stage of original fresh water, (2) the salinization stage by ancientseawater invasion, and (3) the modernseawater invasion stage induced by human over pumping. Moreover, anthropogenic activitieshave replaced natural progresses and become the dominant factor on coastal hydrogeochemical evolution.
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Key words:
- hydrogeochemical evolution /
- coastal plain /
- Hangjiahu Plain /
- groundwater
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图 1 杭嘉湖平原区域位置及地下水采样点分布
Fig. 1. Location map and groundwater sampling sites of Hangjiahu Plain
图 3 杭嘉湖平原地下水聚类分析树形图
a. 承压Ⅱ层；b. 承压Ⅲ层
Fig. 3. Clustering tree of pore-confined groundwater in Hangjiahu Plain
图 4 旋转后各类因子载荷散点分布
a. PC1 vs. PC2；b. PC1 vs. PC3
Fig. 4. Plots of loadings for PC1~PC3 with varimax normalized rotation
图 5 各样品因子得分散点分布
a. PC1 vs. PC2；b. PC1 vs. PC3
Fig. 5. Plots of factor scores indicating the distribution of groundwater samplesaccording to different clusters
图 6 杭嘉湖平原地下水采样点与TDS分布
a. 承压Ⅱ层，b. 承压Ⅲ层
Fig. 6. Distribution of groundwater sampling pointsand TDS of deep pore-confined groundwater in Hangjiahu Plain
图 7 杭嘉湖平原地下水TDS的垂向分布
Fig. 7. Relationship between TDS and depth for clusters C1, C2, C3 and C4
图 8 杭嘉湖平原地下水样品Piper三线图
Fig. 8. Piper diagram of groundwater samples in Hangjiahu Plain
图 9 杭嘉湖平原地表累计沉降量等值线图（截至2018年）
根据赵建康等（2006）结果修改
Fig. 9. Contour map of the surfacecumulative subsidence in Hangjiahu Plain (by the year of 2018)
图 10 研究区(a) Br-与TDS，(b) Br-与Cl-关系
Fig. 10. Relationship between (a) Br- vs. TDS, (b) Br- vs. Cl-
图 11 Gibbs图表示地下水化学组分的天然影响因素
Fig. 11. Gibbs diagram showing the mechanisms controlling the chemistry of nature waters
图 12 离子浓度相关关系
a. HCO3-+SO42- vs. Ca2++Mg2+；b. HCO3- vs. Ca2++Mg2+；c. HCO3- vs.Ca2+；d. Cl- vs. Na+；e. SO42- vs. Na+；f. CAI-1 vs. CAI-2
Fig. 12. Relationship between ionic concentration
图 13 杭嘉湖平原地下水流系统水化学场概念模型
Fig. 13. Conceptual diagram of hydrogeochemical evolution in Hangjiahu Plain
表 1 杭嘉湖平原深层地下水监测井含水层位置和深度
Table 1. Aquifers and depths of the sampling wells in Hangjiahu Plain
序号 监测站点编号 含水层代号 井深（m） 1 嘉041 Ⅱ 136.45 2 嘉003 Ⅱ 157.57 3 七星 Ⅱ 160.80 4 嘉006 Ⅱ 132.57 5 嘉009 Ⅱ 179.51 6 水务西 Ⅱ 112.89 7 水务东 Ⅱ 160.77 8 嘉012 Ⅱ 147.00 9 嘉014 Ⅱ 122.00 10 嘉020 Ⅱ 143.50 11 嘉017 Ⅱ 170.10 12 长1-2 Ⅱ 150.30 13 嘉036 Ⅱ 153.00 14 嘉039 Ⅱ 151.10 15 嘉042 Ⅱ 165.80 16 嘉029 Ⅱ 114.20 17 嘉032 Ⅲ 192.47 18 湖002 Ⅱ 89.00 19 湖004 Ⅱ 124.00 20 湖006 Ⅱ 112.00 21 湖008 Ⅱ 84.70 22 嘉001 Ⅲ 199.30 23 嘉007 Ⅲ 227.70 24 嘉010 Ⅲ 202.00 25 嘉015 Ⅲ 234.30 26 嘉004 Ⅲ 179.10 27 嘉016 Ⅲ 148.20 28 嘉023 Ⅲ 166.08 29 嘉037 Ⅲ 182.09 30 嘉019 Ⅲ 152.99 31 HY01 Ⅲ 180.99 32 HY10 Ⅲ 187.00 33 HY11 Ⅲ 185.00 34 杭018 Ⅱ 80.50 35 杭180 Ⅱ 80.00 36 杭181 Ⅱ 82.00 37 杭182 Ⅱ 81.00 38 杭183 Ⅱ 85.00 39 杭184 Ⅱ 86.00 
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表 2 地下水样品主要指标检测方法及测试精度
Table 2. Test method and accuracy of the main index of groundwater samples
指标 方法 仪器（型号编号） 方法检出限（mg/L） 实验室测试精度 TDS 重量法 ME 204E电子天平（B341876889） 4.00 0.36% K+ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 Leeman Prodigy全谱直读光谱仪（4015） 0.10 5.19% Na+ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 Leeman Prodigy全谱直读光谱仪（4015） 2.00 1.39% Ca2+ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 Leeman Prodigy SN4005电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（3104） 3.00 1.34% Mg2+ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 Leeman Prodigy SN4005电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（3104） 3.00 6.78% Cl- 离子色谱法 DIONEX AQUION离子色谱仪（180123239） 2.00 0.26% SO42- 离子色谱法 DIONEX AQUION离子色谱仪（180123239） 1.00 0.67% HCO3- 滴定法 / 3.00 0.41% NO3- 离子色谱法 DIONEX AQUION离子色谱仪（180123240） 0.20 1.13% Br- 离子色谱法 DIONEX AQUION离子色谱仪（180123239） 0.01 2.13% 偏硅酸 硅钼蓝(黄)比色法 Analytik jena specord 50plus紫外可见分光光度计（233H1475C） 2.00 0.50% 碘化物 火焰原子吸收分光光度法 PerkinElmer Analyst 400原子吸收光谱仪（B3150080） 0.01 4.80%
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表 3 地下水样品中水化学组分统计结果（N=78）
Table 3. Statistics of groundwater hydrogeochemistry (N=78)
水化学指标 承压Ⅱ层（N=52） 承压Ⅲ层（N=26） 最小值（mg/L） 最大值（mg/L） 平均值（mg/L） 标准差（mg/L） 变异系数CV（%） 最小值（mg/L） 最大值（mg/L） 平均值（mg/L） 标准差（mg/L） 变异系数CV（%） TDS 484.0 5 420.0 1661.8 370.0 22% 547.0 11 176.1 3 035.1 1 236.0 41% K+ 1.1 24.8 7.6 1.8 24% 1.6 29.8 9.0 3.2 35% Na+ 51.8 1 492.7 413.6 108.7 26% 56.7 2 918.0 746.5 329.9 44% Ca2+ 2.7 272.7 88.8 19.8 22% 20.0 591.9 168.5 66.3 39% Mg2+ 4.5 172.3 51.1 12.3 24% 10.2 439.3 112.6 49.8 44% Cl- 1.9 2 959.3 705.2 230.1 33% 13.0 7 228.2 1 640.7 817.7 50% SO42- 0.9 22.2 2.0 0.4 20% 1.0 11.0 3.9 1.0 26% HCO3- 99.0 509.0 351.4 17.7 5% 126.0 426.0 320.1 31.6 10% NO3- 0.0 11.9 3.5 0.9 25% 0.0 3.5 1.4 0.3 22% Br- 0.0 13.3 3.1 1.1 34% 0.0 23.0 5.4 2.7 50% 偏硅酸 0.1 64.5 26.3 2.4 9% 8.4 66.0 25.9 4.1 16% 碘化物 0.0 7.0 1.5 0.5 35% 0.0 6.2 1.4 0.7 51%
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表 4 聚类分析各类型地下水水化学组分（平均值）统计
Table 4. Groundwater hydrogeochemistry of each cluster (mean value)
水化学指标 承压Ⅱ层 承压Ⅲ层 C1（N=40, mg/L） C2（N=12, mg/L） C3（N=6, mg/L） C4（N=20, mg/L） TDS 659.3 5 003.5 10 844.3 692.4 K+ 2.7 23.9 28.9 3.0 Na+ 116.7 1 403.4 2 828.3 121.9 Ca2+ 40.8 248.9 586.1 43.2 Mg2+ 18.5 159.7 427.0 18.3 Cl- 82.3 2 781.6 6 802.5 92.2 SO42- 2.4 1.0 4.1 3.8 HCO3- 361.9 316.4 126.3 378.2 NO3- 1.2 11.0 2.7 1.0 Br- 0.2 12.9 22.4 0.2 偏硅酸 25.6 28.6 8.7 31.0 碘化物 0.1 6.4 5.9 0.1
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表 5 旋转后的因子载荷矩阵及其方差贡献率统计
Table 5. Principal components loading and explained variance for three components with varimax normalized rotation
水化学指标 PC1 PC2 PC3 Br- 0.994 0.079 0.021 Na+ 0.988 0.062 -0.066 TDS 0.984 0.053 -0.106 Cl- 0.982 0.028 -0.136 Mg2+ 0.970 -0.007 -0.184 K+ 0.969 0.093 0.159 Ca2+ 0.960 0.044 -0.148 碘化物 0.926 0.155 0.315 偏硅酸 -0.346 0.896 0.102 HCO3- -0.681 0.781 0.398 SO42- -0.056 0.761 -0.577 NO3- 0.601 0.207 0.717 特征值 8.51 1.62 1.23 方差贡献率（%） 70.88 13.49 10.25 累计方差贡献率（%） 70.88 84.37 94.62 注：KMO=0.838，因子载荷大于0.7的指标用黑体表示.
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