Structural Synthesis Analysis of S-Shaped Anticline in Tongguanshan
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摘要: 通过褶皱、断裂、节理、线理等构造形迹的系统观测对铜官山S状背斜的形成过程和机制进行了综合构造解析，发现该背斜经过了3次构造变形，2次构造叠加复合.早期NE向褶皱的S状弯曲是由于前期EW向断裂限制的结果；晚期S状弯曲是由于新华夏构造应力场导致轴近水平的麻花状旋扭的结果；还通过物理模拟和数字模拟验证了限制型及麻花型S状构造形成机制.值得注意的是，通过铜官山S状背斜的综合构造解析可以扩大到整体下扬子台褶带的构造演化力学解析.从而证明根据局部地区的构造综合解析才是认识区域大地构造运动方式、方向及其变化最直接、最可靠的证据.Abstract: In this paper, comprehensive structural analysis of the formation process and formation mechanism of the S-shaped anticline of Tongguanshan is carried out through systematical observation of folds, faults, joints and lineation. It is found that there have been three stages of structural deformation and two structures superimposed and compounded. The S-bend of the early NE-fold is due to the limitation of the EW-direction faults. Late S-shaped bending is the result of the near-horizontal twisting due to the Newcathaysian tectonic stress field. It also verifies the formation mechanics of restricted and twisted S-shaped structures by physical simulation and numerical simulation. It is worth noting that the structural synthesis analysis of the S-shaped anticline of Tongguanshan can be expanded to the geomechanics analysis of the formation and evolution of the whole Lower Yangtze platform fold belt, showing that the detailed structural synthesis analysis of the local typical structures is the scientific basis for studying the manner and direction of the movements.
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图 1 下扬子构造带简图
1.坳陷带；2.隆褶带；3.褶皱轴线；4.断裂
Fig. 1. Sketch map of Lower Yangtze River tectonics
图 2 铜陵地块中S状褶皱群
1.北北东向断裂；2.北东向断裂；3.东西向断裂；4.直立褶皱；5.歪斜褶皱；6.倒转褶皱
Fig. 2. S-shaped folds within Tongling massif
图 3 铜官山背斜地质图
1.第四系；2.第三系；3.三叠系；4.二叠系-石炭系；5.泥盆系-志留系；6.闪长斑岩；7.石英闪长岩；8.倒转背斜轴线；9.背斜轴线；10.向斜轴线；11.NE向逆冲断层；12.斜冲断层；13.正断层；14.东西向冲断层；15.平推断层；16.撕裂断层；17.挤压带；18.NE向小褶皱；19.膝状挠曲
Fig. 3. Geological map of Tongguanshan anticline
图 4 铜官山S状背斜联合横剖面图及π圆图解数据
1.三叠系南陵湖组; 2.塔山组; 3.小凉亭组; 4.二叠系大隆组; 5.龙潭组; 6.孤峰组; 7.栖霞组; 8.二叠系；9.石炭系；10.泥盆系五通组; 11.茅山群；12.坟头组；13.高家边组；14.闪长斑岩; 15.石英闪长斑岩；16. π圆（β:枢纽产状; S1:轴面产状; A/λ:波幅/波长）；17.正断层；18.断层
Fig. 4. United cross sections of the TGS S-shaped anticline and graphic solution date of π circle
图 5 两翼层间同向牵引褶皱(a)、剪力流(b)和层面斜向擦线(c)
Fig. 5. The same form drag folds plane in both limbs (a), shear flow (b) and oblique striation on the bending (c)
图 6 铜官山S背斜不同段落褶皱形态、形成机制及力学性质
Fig. 6. Geometric shape, formation mechanism and mechanical properties of different sections of S-shaped anticline in TGS
图 7 铜官山S状背斜伴生断层
1.泥盆系-三叠系中统；2.志留系；3.石英闪长岩体；4.闪长斑岩体；5.压-压扭性断层；6.张性断层；7.扭性断层；8.剪刀式断层；9.断层密集度；10.倒转背斜
Fig. 7. Associated faults of Tongguanshan anticline
图 8 撕开型剪刀式断层生长演化过程示意
a.张开型；b.滑开型；c.撕开型
Fig. 8. Tear-off scissor-type fault growth evolution process
图 9 铜官山背斜枢纽起伏示东西向褶皱叠加
Fig. 9. The hinge of anticline is wavy and the axis in EW direction
图 10 灰岩采场走向EW的叠瓦状逆冲断层野外照片(a)和灰岩采场走向EW的叠瓦状逆冲断层素描图(b)
C2+3.黄龙、船山组灰岩；P1q.栖霞灰岩；f1, f3, f7.扭性断层NW330°∠80°；f2, f4, f5, f6, f8.压性断层；f9.白色燧石层；f10.黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿；f11.透镜状构造
Fig. 10. The photo of EW strike imbricate thrust (a) and the sketch of EW strike imbricate thrust (b)
图 11 碎石岭近EW向压性破碎带
Q.第四系；P2l.二叠系龙潭组；1~3.扭性断裂NE45°∠85°；4~8.压性断裂NWW280°∠85°；9.透镜状构造
Fig. 11. EW strike pressure fracture zone
图 12 近EW向叠加小褶皱被轴近水平旋扭(a)和沿NNE向轴旋扭的近EW向小褶皱(b)
①②③④⑤表示5个倾伏小褶皱(表 2)
Fig. 12. Nearly EW to the small folds (a) and nearly EW-trending small folds twisting along the axis of NNE (b)
图 13 铜官山S状背斜共轭节理等密图(a)、石耳山节理分期配套照片(b)和石耳山节理分期配套素描图(c)
1.NW340°SW∠82°；2.NW295°NE∠82°；3.NE50°NW∠60°；4.NW320°NE∠82°；5.NW345°SW∠85°；6.NW273°SW∠84°
Fig. 13. Conjugate shear joint density diagram of the Tongguanshan S-shaped anticline (a), the photo of joints division period division and matching (b) and the sketch of joints period and matching (c) in Shiershan
图 14 NE向构造期主应力轨迹线
1.第四系；2.第三系；3.中三叠统头山组；4.中三叠统分水岭组；5.中三叠统南陵湖组；6.下三叠统塔山组；7.下三叠统小凉亭组；8.上二叠统大隆组；9.上二叠统龙潭组；10.下二叠统孤峰组；11.下二叠统栖霞组；12.下石炭统黄龙船山组；13.泥盆系上统五油组；14.泥盆系上梵五通组；15.茅山群；16.坟头组；17.石英闪长岩；18.铁帽；19.倾伏背斜；20.背向形挠曲；21.倒转背斜；22.小背斜；23.压性，压扭性断层；24.张性断层；25.扭性断层；26.陡立及直立岩层带；27.劈理带；28.节理统计点；29.最大主应力(σ)连线；30.最小主应力(σ)迹线；31.产状(°)
Fig. 14. The map showing principal stress trajectories of NE tectonic period
图 15 EW向构造期主应力轨迹
1.第四系；2.第三系；3.中三叠统头山组；4.中三叠统分水岭组；5.中三叠统南陵湖组；6.下三叠统塔山组；7.下三叠统小凉亭组；8.上二叠统大隆组；9.上二叠统龙潭组；10.下二叠统孤峰组；11.下二叠统栖霞组；12.下石炭统黄龙船山组；13.泥盆系上统五油组；14.泥盆系上梵五通组；15.茅山群；16.坟头组；17.石英闪长岩；18.铁帽；19.倾伏背斜；20.背向形挠曲；21.倒转背斜；22.小背斜；23.压性，压扭性断层；24.张性断层；25.扭性断层；26.陡立及直立岩层带；27.劈理带；28.节理统计点；29.最大主应力(σ)连线；30.最小主应力(σ)迹线；31.产状(°)
Fig. 15. The map showing principle stress trajectories of E-W tectonic period
图 16 新华夏系主应力轨迹
1.第四系；2.第三系；3.中三叠统头山组；4.中三叠统分水岭组；5.中三叠统南陵湖组；6.下三叠统塔山组；7.下三叠统小凉亭组；8.上二叠统大隆组；9.上二叠统龙潭组；10.下二叠统孤峰组；11.下二叠统栖霞组；12.下石炭统黄龙船山组；13.泥盆系上统五油组；14.泥盆系上梵五通组；15.茅山群；16.坟头组；17.石英闪长岩；18.铁帽；19.倾伏背斜；20.背向形挠曲；21.倒转背斜；22.小背斜；23.压性，压扭性断层；24.张性断层；25.扭性断层；26.陡立及直立岩层带27.劈理带；28.节理统计点；29.最大主应力(σ)连线；30.最小主应力(σ)迹线
Fig. 16. The map showing principal stress trajectories of Neocathaysian
图 17 铜陵地块边界条件(a)和递进变形模拟(1)(b)
Fig. 17. Boundary conditions of Tongling land mass (a) and model experiment of progressive deformation (1) (b)
图 18 模拟边界条件及应变主轴线变位(a)、有限单元模型(b)和最大主应变迹线(据有限单元法)(c)
图c：1.最大主应变方向；2.最大主应变线
Fig. 18. Simulation of boundary conditions and geometrical parameters of fold axis changes (a), finite element model (b) and trajectory of maximum strain (by finite element method) (c)
图 20 网格法扭转前后应变花(a)和扭转后轴面形态(b)
Fig. 20. Strain flower grids before and after deformation (a) and axial surface shape after twisting (b)
图 21 扭转变形后的展平(a)和展平后的主应力迹线(b)
Fig. 21. Main stress traces after flattening (a) and flattening after twisting deformation (b)
表 1 铜陵地块中S状背斜的形态及产状
Table 1. Morphology and attitude of the S-shaped anticlines in Tongling massif
褶皱名称 褶皱轴面产状 褶皱形态 北段 中段 南段 北段 中段 南段 铜官山背斜 走向NE45°，倾向SE，倾角72° 走向NE30°，倾向SE，倾角72° 走向NE65°，倾向NW，倾角60° 倒转 直立 倒转 背山背斜 走向NE60°，倾向SE，倾角62° 走向NE35°，倾角90° 走向NE70°，倾向NW，倾角60° 斜歪 直立 斜歪 永村桥背斜 走向NE70°，倾向SE，倾角72° 走向NE50°，倾角90° 走向NE85°，倾向NW，倾角60° 斜歪 直立 斜歪 仙水冲背斜 走向NE65°，倾向SE，倾角82° 走向NE40°，倾角90° 走向NE65°，倾向NW，倾角82° 斜歪 直立 斜歪 丫山背斜 走向NE60°，倾向SE，倾角62° 走向NE50°，倾角90° 走向NE75°，倾向NW，倾角40° 倒转 直立 倒转 
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表 2 旋扭叠加小褶皱枢纽形状及产状
Table 2. Morphology and attitude of small fold hinge with rotating compound
编号 倾向(°) 倾角(°) 形态 ① 302 78 向上凸 ② 275 20~50 向上凸 ③ 305 24 较平直 ④ 300 30~50 向下凹 ⑤ 278 46 向下凹
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