Characteristics and Dynamic Background of Cenozoic Compressive Structures in Eastern Margin of Alxa Block
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摘要: 在阿拉善地块东缘发现新生代中新世挤压构造，形成近SN或NE-SW走向的逆冲断层及卷入新生代地层的褶皱.其形成背景关系到阿拉善地块新生代的变形特征以及与青藏高原扩展的关系.为了进一步探讨阿拉善地块东缘的挤压构造是否受青藏高原扩展控制，为青藏高原北缘新生代扩展过程的研究提供资料，通过详细地质填图、区域地质调查与对比方法，确定了这些挤压构造的几何样式以及运动学特征，结合断层滑动矢量，恢复出变形时的古应力场.室内外的分析表明，形成这些挤压构造的最大主应力方位为NW-SE或近EW向，结合盆地地震反射资料、卷入构造的地层，推测变形的时代是中新世中晚期.这期变形的动力可能是阿拉善地块受到青藏高原北缘的挤压向东运动所致.同时在阿拉善地块向东运动的过程中，其内部发育的早期东西向构造带发生右行走滑，和阿拉善东缘的挤压构造一同调节地块的变形.晚中新世之后，高原东北缘最大主应力方位发生顺时针旋转，阿拉善东缘挤压构造被后期构造叠加.Abstract: A Cenozoic compressive belt, which is manifested by near SN or NE-SW trending thrust faults or folds, was observed in the eastern margin of the Alxa block. The compressive belt is vital to the understanding of the deformation pattern of the Alxa block as well as its relationship with the propagation of the northeast Tibetan plateau. To better understand how these compressive structures were controlled by the growth of Tibetan plateau, field mapping and regional comparison along the eastern margin of the Alxa block were carried out. By analyzing the geometric and kinematic characteristics of these structures in the Cenozoic strata, the paleo-stress field which shows that these structures were governed by the NW-SE or near EW compression regime was rebuilt by us. Together with seismic profile and the strata involved in the compressive zone, it tentatively interprets the formation of the compressive belt was formed in the Middle-Late Miocene. The dynamics of this event could be attributed to the eastward extrusion of the Alxa block caused by the intense push from the Tibetan plateau during Miocene, which indicates the northeastward Tibetan plateau growth. Meanwhile, dextral slip faults are accommodation faults developed on the pre-existing basement foliations, together with the eastern compressive belt, to adjust the eastward movement of the Alxa block. During the Middle to Late Miocene, the northeastern plateau was subjected to intense NE-oriented compression, after which the maximum principal stress demonstrated a clockwise rotation. The compressive structures along the eastern margin of Alxa were replaced by later structures.
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Key words:
- Alxa block /
- Miocene /
- intraplate deformation /
- India-Eurasia collision /
- Qinghai-Tibetan plateau /
- tectonics
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图 4 狼山山顶乌兰布拉格组沉积特征及地层柱状图
a.含砾粗砂岩中的大型板状斜层理; b.砾岩中的叠瓦状排列砾石; c.超覆不整合面(虚线)
Fig. 4. Photographs and stratigraphic column of the Wulanbulage Formation on the top of Langshan bedrocks
图 5 乌兰塔它勒地区逆冲断层平面、剖面图
a.乌兰塔它勒地区地质图; b.剖面图(位置见图a); c.乌兰塔它勒地区逆冲断层照片
Fig. 5. The planar and profile map of thrusts faults in Wulantatale region
图 6 乌兰塔它勒地区指示NW-SE向挤压的构造
a.狼山山前双冲构造；b.断层带断层角砾岩及次级破裂面P面指示逆冲性质；c.沿狼山山前沿逆冲断层带分布的断层角砾岩，逆冲上盘受后期正断层切割消失；d.渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩宽缓褶皱，褶皱枢纽走向38°，指示最大主应力方位为NW-SE向
Fig. 6. Photographs showing NW-SE compressive in Wulantatale region
图 7 叠布斯格盆地、骆驼瀑以及带日根高勒沟口处新生代逆冲断层露头(位置见图 3)
叠布斯格盆地新生代逆冲断层，赤平投影为断层产状; b.叠布斯格盆地新生代逆冲断层及其断层面解; c.骆驼瀑南侧石炭纪花岗岩向西逆冲于渐新统乌兰布拉格组之上，断层下盘地层发生倒转; d.骆驼瀑南侧逆冲断层带内石英脉被逆冲断层剪断; e.代日根高勒沟口处花岗岩逆冲到渐新统乌兰布拉格组之上
Fig. 7. Cenozoic thrust fault in Diebusige basin, Luotuopu and the mouth of Dairigengaole gully(see locations in Fig.3)
图 8 狼山地区新生代逆冲断层古应力反演
a.狼山地区逆冲断层P轴极密图; b.断层滑动矢量反演得出最大主压应力方位为NW-SE向
Fig. 8. Paleostress inversion of Cenozoic thrust faults in Langshan region
图 9 苏木图地区NNE向背斜
a.背斜卫星影像，两翼产状和褶皱枢纽走向，指示NWW-SEE向的挤压（产状数据雷启云等，2017）; b.清水营组砖红色砾岩; c.巴彦浩特北侧白垩系倾斜地层
Fig. 9. NNE trending anticline in Sumutu region
图 10 贺兰山南部吉井子盆地西缘逆冲断层
a.吉井子盆地地质简图；b.红柳沟组地层受逆冲地层影响形成近南北走向褶皱；c, d, e分别为剖面AB, CD, EF上的逆冲断层，古生代奥陶系白云质灰岩逆冲到红柳沟组之上
Fig. 10. Thrust faults located in western Jijingzi basin to the south of Helanshan
图 11 吉井子盆地EF剖面地层柱状图及不同层位岩性照片
Fig. 11. The stratigraphic section EF in Jijingzi basin and related photographs
图 12 中卫四眼井沟红柳沟组内发育的逆冲断层
a.断层照片; b.被石膏充填的共轭节理
Fig. 12. Thrust fault cut through the Hongliugou Formation in Siyanjing gully, Zhongwei region
图 13 银川盆地西缘深地震反射剖面及解释
a.银川盆地内部地震反射剖面(地震剖面图引自Huang et al., 2016); b.新生代地层内部逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱，后期被高角度正断层错断.底图引自Huang et al.(2016)
Fig. 13. Deep seismic reflection profile of east Yinchuan basin and its interpretation
图 14 贺兰山及邻区深地震剖面解释图及新生代断裂分布
修改自Liu et al.(2017a). F1.巴彦浩特断裂; F2.贺兰山西缘断裂; F3.贺兰山东麓断裂; F4.芦花台断裂; F5.银川断裂; F6.黄河断裂
Fig. 14. Interpretation of the deep seismic reflection profile
图 16 河套盆地西缘新生代逆冲构造形成圈闭
据中国石油天然气集团华北油田内部资料
Fig. 16. Thrust fault controlled trap in the east margin of the Hetao depression
图 17 莱菔山右行走滑断裂
a.莱菔山地质图; b.断层露头; c.断层面擦痕及断层机制解指示右行斜滑.区域位置见图 1
Fig. 17. Dextral slip fault in Laifushan
图 18 中新世以来青藏高原扩展对阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体作用示意图
修改自郑文俊等(2016)；Lei et al.(2016); Duvall et al.(2013)；王伟涛等(2014)；Bovet et al.(2009); Yuan et al.(2013)
Fig. 18. Schematic maps show how northern or northeastern Tibetan plateau exerts influence on the Ordos/ Alxa block from Miocene to present
表 1 狼山地区逆冲断层观测点及古应力场方位
Table 1. Faults measured in Langshan region and their paleo-stress field
编号 纬度 经度 断层两盘岩性 数目 σ1 σ2 σ3 NC1 40°34′13.4″ 106°19′50.2″ 白垩纪砾岩与石炭纪花岗岩 3 302/13 35/16 174/70 NC2 40°34′21.6″ 106°19′55.3″ 白垩纪砾岩与石炭纪花岗岩 6 292/9 7月23日 149/79 NC3 40°34′55.4″ 106°20′14.2″ 白垩纪砾岩与石炭纪花岗岩 3 121/27 216/10 325/61 NC4 40°34′44.4″ 106°19′47.3″ 白垩纪砾岩与石炭纪花岗岩 3 306/10 41/31 200/58 NC5 40°34′49.1″ 106°19′45.1″ 白垩纪砾岩与石炭纪花岗岩 5 121/0 31/19 211/71 NC6 40°35′27.9″ 106°20′09.6″ 渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩 4 317/6 227/2 120/83 NC7 40°33′42.7″ 106°15′52.1″ 渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩 3 137/16 233/19 9/64 NC8 40°30′34.7″ 106°15′47.8″ 渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩与花岗岩 5 304/17 211/9 96/71 NC9 40°28′57.3″ 106°14′44.7″ 渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩与花岗岩 4 319/11 Apr-50 159/78 NC10 40°33′01.7″ 106°13′11.1″ 叠布斯格岩群斜长角闪片麻岩和渐新世乌兰布拉格组砾岩 3 303/17 210/9 94/71 
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