A New Understanding on the Emplacement of Ophiolitic Mélanges and Its Tectonic Significance: Insights from the Structural Analysis of the Remnant Oceanic Basin-Type Ophiolitic Mélanges
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摘要: 蛇绿岩代表了古洋壳的残余，通常被作为识别古汇聚板块边界的重要标志之一.但是，通过对西准噶尔造山带和松潘-甘孜造山带内出露的蛇绿混杂岩的大比例尺填图和构造解析，揭示出并非所有的蛇绿混杂岩带都具有缝合带的大地构造意义.综合前人研究结果，将蛇绿混杂岩划分为缝合带型和非缝合带型2种类型.非缝合带型蛇绿混杂岩带的分布与残余洋盆在闭合过程中的构造过程密切相关.在残余洋盆被巨厚层的碎屑岩填充之后，作为残余盆地基底的大洋岩石圈物质在区域挤压应力作用下，可通过多种形式构造就位于上覆碎屑沉积地层之中，形成具有弥散性分布特点的残余洋盆型蛇绿混杂岩系统.而缝合带型蛇绿混杂岩的就位过程可划分为3种方式，分别是俯冲就位、仰冲就位和碰撞就位.这些不同类型的蛇绿混杂岩带在板块汇聚后的再造山过程中，早期的构造变形会被叠加改造甚至导致蛇绿混杂岩的重新就位，使其分布形式复杂化.因此，正确识别和厘定不同构造过程形成的蛇绿混杂岩带及其对应的大地构造背景，对研究洋陆转换过程和造山带的演化至关重要.Abstract: Ophiolites represent on-land fragments of paleo-oceanic crust and have been recognized as one of the key markers of suture zones. Here, we provide new insights into the emplacement of ophiolitic mélanges based on detailed geological mapping and structural analysis in the West Junggar and Songpan-Ganzi orogens. The results show that some ophiolitic mélange belts cannot be regarded as suture zones. The distribution of these ophiolitic mélange belts are usually associated with the structural processes during the closure of remnant oceanic basins. After the remnant oceanic basin is filled with thick clastic deposit, the oceanic lithosphere material as the base of the remnant basin can be injected into the overlying sedimentary strata through various faultings under the regional compressive stress, forming the remnant oceanic basin-type ophiolitic mélange system with dispersive distribution characteristics. Combining with previous researches, the emplacement mechanism of suture-zone type ophiolitic mélanges can be divided into three categories:subduction type, obduction type, and collision type.These different types of ophiolitic mélange belts will be superimposed and even re-emplaced by the tectonic processes of post-plate convergence, complicating their distribution. Therefore, identifying the ophiolitic mélanges formed in different tectonic processes and their backgrounds is of importance for understanding the process of ocean-continental transition and the tectonic evolution of orogenic belts.
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Key words:
- ophiolitic mélange /
- emplacement /
- remnant-oceanic basin /
- orogen /
- tectonics
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图 1 特提斯及邻区现今残余洋盆及相关蛇绿混杂岩的分布
据Dilek and Furnes(2009); Xu et al.(2013)修改
Fig. 1. Simplified map of the Tethyan tectonic domain showing distribution of remnant-oceanic basins and related ophiolitic mélanges
图 2 西准噶尔地区地质简图(a)和横跨达尔布特和白碱滩蛇绿混杂岩带的构造剖面(b)
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of West Junggar (a) and cross-section through the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic mélange belts showing the relationship of different lithotectonic units (b)
图 3 克拉玛依后山地区蛇绿混杂岩野外变形特征
a~b.早期和俯冲增生相关的叠瓦状逆冲构造；c~e.北东向蛇绿混杂岩内发育的透入性右旋剪切变形；f~h.后期左行走滑断层露头特征
Fig. 3. Photographs of typical structures of the ophiolitic mélanges in the western Karamay area
图 4 克拉玛依后山地区蛇绿混杂岩带就位过程示意
Fig. 4. Models for emplacement of the ophiolitic mélanges in the western Karamay area
图 5 松潘-甘孜-巴颜喀拉山地区地质简图及横跨扎拉依蛇绿混杂岩的构造剖面
Fig. 5. Simplified geological map of the Songpan-Ganzi-Bayan Har area and the cross-section through the Zhalayi ophiolitic mélange showing the relationship of different lithotectonic units
图 6 巴颜喀拉山群及其中沿系列断裂分布的蛇绿混杂岩系的构造变形
a.巴颜喀拉山群浊积岩系中的劈理与层理关系；b.巴颜喀拉山群浊积岩系中的背斜构造；c.扎拉依蛇绿构造混杂岩带中强韧性剪切变形的绿帘阳起构造片岩；d.麻多北西西-南东东向断裂构造带中的二叠纪枕状玄武岩断夹块；e.马尔争-布青山蛇绿混杂岩中强劈理化的砂板岩；f.马尔争-布青山蛇绿混杂岩中的海山相树维门科组生物礁灰岩岩块，呈无根逆冲推覆体的形式
Fig. 6. Typical lithological characters and structures of the Bayan Har Group and the ophiolitic mélanges along a series of faults in the Bayan Har Group
图 7 巴颜喀拉三叠纪残余洋盆演化及蛇绿混杂岩的就位过程
Fig. 7. Models for tectonic evolution of the Bayan Har remnant oceanic basin and emplacement of the ophiolitic mélanges
图 9 雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩就位及后期的改造示意
Fig. 9. Tectonic model for the emplacement and modification of the Indus-Tsongpo ophiolitic mélange
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