Climatic Implication of Authigenic Minerals Formed during Pedogenic Weathering Processes
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摘要: 地球表层的土壤沉积物记录了第四纪以来与气候、环境、人类等有关的地球演化信息，是重要的研究过去历史的载体.成土体系中土壤的诸多特性都与成土期的气候环境信息息息相关，通过地质学研究方法可以提取某些特性并作为反演风化强度以及古气候的风化指标，即古气候替代指标.重点讨论了成土体系中新生的矿物学风化指标——粘土矿物与铁矿物的表征意义、研究方法与实例分析，并评述了其在反演气候方面的优势与局限性.成土作用中新生的粘土矿物直接受成土期盛行的环境与气候条件的影响，所以其组成、粒度、含量、结晶度等矿物学特征充分记录了成土期的气候与环境信息.另外，成土体系中也会新生成部分铁矿物.自生的铁矿物是反映成土期的湿度条件、温度范围的有效指标，因此对当时的气候演化历史也有很好的指示意义.粘土矿物与铁矿物在一定的条件下都可以作为独立的重建古气候的替代指标，但是在使用时要充分考虑研究区域的地质背景、物源供给、气候类型、风化条件等客观局限对这些风化指标的制约.另外，对于区域内风化程度及古气候的重建，通常多指标结合对比的方法更为可靠.Abstract: Soils from Earth's surface record critical evolution information on climate, environment and human since the Quaternary. Soil is regarded as one of the most important carrier for studying the past geological history. The soil properties, such as ion transformation, grain size distribution, mineral content and composition, are closely related to the coeval climate and environment variation. Some properties are extracted as weathering proxies, which are widely used to reconstruct the past climate history. In this study we focused the climatic significance, research methods and case studies of the authigenic mineral proxies-clay minerals and Fe-oxide minerals, and review their advantages and limitations in reflecting weathering degrees and climate conditions. Clay minerals and Fe-oxide minerals can be used as independent weathering and climate proxies. However, the applicability is conditioned by geological background, provenance, climate type, etc.. Besides, a multi-proxy method is preferred in regional weathering and climate reconstruction.
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Key words:
- pedogenesis /
- chemical weathering /
- clay minerals /
- Fe-oxide minerals /
- Quaternary climate /
- mineralogy
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图 1 成土作用的影响因素、产物以及土壤形成的过程简图
Fig. 1. The influence factors and products of pedogenesis and the process of the soil development
图 2 中国南方红土沉积物中粘土矿物的TEM照片
K.高岭石；S.蒙脱石；V.蛭石；I.伊利石；HIV.羟基间层蛭石.a.高岭石与蒙脱石的间层(Hong et al., 2012)；b.蛭石与伊利石的间层(Hong et al., 2014)；c.伊利石与蒙脱石、高岭石的相互间层(Hong et al., 2015)；d.伊利石与羟基间层蛭石/蛭石的相互间层(Yin et al., 2013)
Fig. 2. TEM morphology images of clay minerals in the soils of southern China
图 3 中国北方典型黄土-古土壤剖面的低频磁化率变化与其他风化指标的对比曲线
a.西风剖面磁化率变化曲线(Chen et al., 2014); b.蓟县剖面磁化率变化曲线(Jahn et al., 2001); c.洛川剖面磁化率变化曲线(Guan et al., 2016); d.洛川剖面87Sr/86Sr比值变化(Yang et al., 2000); e.洛川剖面Rb/Sr比值变化(Chen et al., 1999); f.同时期全球冰芯氧同位素变化(Railsback et al., 2015)
Fig. 3. Correlation of magnetic susceptibility variations of loess-palaeosol sequences in northern China and other weathering indices
图 4 部分常见粘土矿物与铁矿物在VSWIR光谱区域内的特征峰
Fig. 4. Representative reflectance spectra of some common clay minerals and Fe-oxide minerals
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