Nano/Micro-Scale Deformation of Clay Minerals in Seismogenic Fault Zone
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摘要: 断层泥是发震断裂最显著的物质标志之一，它保留着许多断层活动的信息.在野外宏观调查和显微视域观察基础上，利用SEM技术，从纳微米尺度，研究发震断裂带内黏土矿物的组合形态和变形样式，并对一些问题进行深入分析和讨论.黏土矿物在断层粘滑滑移过程中，出现定向排列，在正交偏光显微镜下表现为平行排列的消光带.在SEM视域下，可以观察到片状黏土矿物的定向排列，同时可以清晰地识别多次断层粘滑滑移事件.在断层泥中发现的蠕变滑移现象，带有普遍性.在显微视域下，黏土矿物表现为波状消光带.在SEM视域下，可以观察到片状黏土矿物的褶皱变形、流动变形、绕砾滑动、撕裂变形等.鉴于在同一个视域内，可以同时观察到粘滑滑移标志和蠕变滑移标志，通过分析其先后关系，发现蠕变滑移发生于粘滑滑移之前，对应于断层的亚失稳阶段的运动.Abstract: Fault gouge is one of the most obvious material indicators in seismogenic fault zone, and it retains a wealth of information of fault activities. Based on field investigation and observation under microscope, nano/micro-scale deformation styles of clay minerals in seismogenic fault zone were analyzed in detail and discussed in this paper by use of SEM technology. The clay minerals are arranged in alignment during stick-slipping, and exhibit parallel extinction zones under orthogonal polarization microscope. In the view of SEM, the directional arrangement of flake clay minerals can be observed, and multiple stick-slipping events on the principle sliding zone can be clearly identified. Moreover, it is found that the creep-slipping phenomena in fault gouges are universal. In the microscopic view, clay minerals exhibit wavelike extinction zones. In the view of SEM, fold deformation, wavelike deformation, sliding around the gravels and entangling deformation of flake clay minerals can be observed. As stick-slipping and creep-slipping indications can be observed in the same view, and by analyzing their temporal relationship, it is found that the creep-slipping occurs before the stick-slipping and corresponds to the movement in the meta-instability stage of fault sliding.
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Key words:
- nano/micro-scale deformation /
- clay mineral /
- seismogenic fault /
- stick-slipping /
- creep-slipping /
- earthquake /
- tectonics
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图 1 发震断裂多期粘滑滑移的微观标志
a.实物样品照片，断层泥条带.①浅黄绿色断层泥；②浅灰绿色断层泥；③深灰绿色断层泥；④全新世松散沉积物.样品编号：XTL-F1.b.显微照片(单偏光, 30×)，断层的多期活动.样品编号：XTL-F1.c.SEM照片，断层滑移面擦线.实线箭头和虚线箭头分别表示两组擦线.虚线箭头所示的擦线滑过实线箭头所示的擦线.样品编号：ZS-G3.d.SEM照片，断层滑移面擦线.实线箭头和虚线箭头分别表示两组擦线.实线箭头所示的擦线掩盖虚线箭头所示的擦线.样品编号：CY-4
Fig. 1. Micro-indications of multiple stick-slipping events of seismogenic fault
图 2 发震断裂滑动面黏土矿物定向排列
a.显微照片(正交偏光，20×)，断层主滑移面和黏土矿物定向排列形成的消光条带(实线箭头).G代表断层泥，Q代表第四纪松散沉积物.样品编号：DSL-F10.b.显微照片(正交偏光，20×)，第四纪松散沉积物中的断层滑动面及其附近黏土矿物定向排列形成的消光条带(实线箭头).样品编号：DSL-F1.c.SEM照片，黏土矿物的叠瓦状排列，见虚线箭头标识.实线箭头指示擦线.样品编号：ZS-G3.d.SEM照片，黏土矿物定向排列.单实线箭头指示断层剪切运动方向.样品编号：DSL-G-02
Fig. 2. Directional arrangement of flake clay minerals on the major sliding zone of seismogenic fault
图 3 发震断裂带内黏土矿物褶皱(或揉皱)变形
a.实物样品照片，黏土矿物揉皱变形.样品编号：SJ-F2.b.显微照片(正交偏光，40×)，黏土矿物揉皱变形.样品编号：SJ-F2.c, d.SEM照片，片状黏土矿物褶皱变形，见虚线标识.样品编号：MP-2
Fig. 3. Fold deformation of clay minerals in seismogenic fault zone
图 4 发震断裂带内黏土矿物波状变形
a.显微照片(单偏光，30×)，黏土矿物流动变形.样品编号：MP-F3.b.显微照片(单偏光，30×)，黏土矿物流动变形.样品编号：QBZ-F11.c.SEM照片，片状黏土矿物波状变形.样品编号：XT-2.d.SEM照片，片状黏土矿物波状变形.样品编号：ZL-1
Fig. 4. Wavelike deformation of clay minerals in seismogenic fault zone
图 5 发震断裂带内黏土矿物绕砾滑动
a.显微照片(正交偏光，20×)，黏土矿物绕砾滑动(实线箭头).样品编号：BYG-F7.b.显微照片(单偏光，40×)，断层泥绕砾滑动(实线箭头).样品编号：SJ-F2.c.SEM照片，黏土矿物绕砾滑动.实线箭头指示片状黏土矿物绕砾定向排列.样品编号：XT-4.d.SEM照片，为图c局部放大
Fig. 5. Sliding around the gravels of clay minerals in seismogenic fault zone
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