Petrogenesis and Rare-Metal Mineralization of the Mufushan Granitic Pegmatite, South China: Insights from in Situ Mineral Analysis
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摘要: 华南晚中生代幕阜山花岗复式岩基内部及周缘广泛发育花岗伟晶岩脉，部分岩脉富含Li-Nb-Ta等元素，形成大型－超大型稀有金属矿床.本文以幕阜山北缘断峰山地区贫锂伟晶岩类和南缘仁里地区新发现的富锂伟晶岩为主要研究对象，通过详细的岩相学和主要及特征矿物（长石、云母、电气石、石榴子石、绿柱石、铌钽铁矿）的微区原位EPMA和LA-ICP-MS主微量元素地球化学的对比分析，深入探讨了伟晶岩的分类、成因演化及成矿潜力.按照特征矿物组合将伟晶岩划分为断峰山地区电气石伟晶岩、电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩、绿柱石伟晶岩、铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩和仁里地区的锂电气石－锂云母伟晶岩5类.5类岩脉中的长石、云母、电气石和/或石榴子石的化学成分记录了不同程度花岗伟晶岩脉的演化阶段，按岩浆演化程度由低至高依次为电气石伟晶岩→电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩→绿柱石伟晶岩→铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩→锂电气石－锂云母伟晶岩，并分别对应伟晶岩稀有金属富集程度分类中的无矿→（含Be）→富Be→富Be、Nb、Ta→富Li、Be、Nb、Ta阶段.这一结果表明仁里地区伟晶岩已演化至晚期富集多种稀有金属元素阶段，具有Li-Nb-Ta多金属成矿潜力，而断峰山地区的伟晶岩演化程度相对较低.断峰山电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩中的色带电气石晶体发育强烈成分环带，由内向外可明显分为5环，自核部至边部，Li、Zn、Ga、Ge、Nb、Ta、Sn、Pb等不相容元素和金属元素含量逐渐升高，清晰记录了正常岩浆演化序列及稀有金属富集过程.结合前人有关幕阜山花岗岩类的研究资料，本文认为幕阜山伟晶岩为该地区晚中生代巨量花岗质岩浆经历长期结晶分异作用晚期的分异产物.Abstract: Granitic pegmatites are widely distributed in the inner and adjacent region of the Late Mesozoic Mufushan granitic complex in South China. Some of them are rich in Li-Nb-Ta and related elements, forming large-ultra-large rare metal deposits. This study focuses on the lithium-poor pegmatites from Duanfengshan area in the northern Mufushan and the newly discovered lithium-rich pegmatite from Renli area in the south. Hereby we provided detailed petrographic and in situ EPMA and LA-ICP-MS geochemical analysis of major and characteristic minerals (feldspar, mica, tourmaline, garnet, beryl, columbite-tantalite) from the Mufushan pegmatites, aiming to constrain the classification, evolution and mineralization of the investigated pegmatites. Based on the combination of the characteristics minerals, the Mufushan pegmatites have been divided into five groups:Tur-pegmatite, Tur-Brl-pegmatite, Brl-pegmatite, Col-Brl-pegmatite in Duanfengshan area and Elb-Lpd-pegmatite in Renli area. Compositional variation of feldspar, mica, tourmaline and garnet from the studied pegmatites display continuous magmatic evolution sequence. From low to high evolution degrees, the Mufushan pegmatites are Tur-pegmatite→Tur-Brl-pegmatite→Brl-pegmatite→Col-Brl-pegmatite→Elb-Lpd-pegmatite, corresponding to the mineralization stages of metal barren→(Be-bearing)→Be-rich→Be, Nb, Ta-rich→Li, Be, Nb, Ta-rich, respectively. This result indicates that the Renli pegmatites have evolved to a relatively late-stage with various rare metal enrichment, which thus has higher potential of Li-Nb-Ta polymetallic mineralization. In contrast, the evolutionary degrees of Duanfengshan pegmatites are relatively low. A strongly zoned tourmaline crystal has been observed in the Tur-Brl-pegmatite from Duanfengshan area, in which five compositional zones from inside to outside can be divided. The content of incompatible elements such as Li, Zn, Ga, Ge, Nb, Ta, Sn, Pb gradually increased from inner to outter, which clearly recording the normal magmatic evolution sequences and the rare metal enrichment processes. Combined with previous studies, our work suggests that the Mufushan pegmatites are generated by extremely prolonged fractional crystallization of the Mufushan massive granitic magma, representing the final-stage product of granitic magma.
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图 1 幕阜山岩体地质简图和伟晶岩脉分布
据地质部701部队, 1965, 1:5万幕阜山花岗岩区稀有金属矿产普查报告；中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心, 2018, 湖南1:5万郭镇、白羊田、北港幅区域地质调查报告
Fig. 1. Geological map of Mufushan pluton and regional distribution of the pegmatite dykes
图 3 断峰山矿区和仁里矿区伟晶岩特征性矿物
a. Tur-伟晶岩中生长于白云母中的黑电气石；b. Tur-伟晶岩中生长于石英中的黑电气石c. Tur-Brl-伟晶岩中黑电气石；d. Tur-Brl-伟晶岩中色带电气石；e. Tur-Brl-伟晶岩中簇状绿柱石集合体；f. Brl-伟晶岩中绿柱石单晶；g. Col-Brl-伟晶岩中绿柱石巨晶；h. Col-Brl-伟晶岩中铌钽铁矿颗粒；i. Elb-Lpd-伟晶岩中锂电气石；j.锂电气石镜下照片，正交偏光；k. Elb-Lpd-伟晶岩中锂云母；l.锂云母镜下照片，正交偏光；Elb.锂电气石；Lpd.锂云母
Fig. 3. Characteristic minerals of the pegmatite in Duanfengshan and Renli diggings
图 4 幕阜山伟晶岩中电气石分类命名（a~c）、成岩环境（d）和微量元素特征（e、f）
电气石化学成分与成岩环境判别图d引自Henry and Guidotti（1985）.图中1、2区分别表示富Li和贫Li的花岗岩和伟晶岩、细晶岩；9区代表富Ca的变质泥岩、砂岩和钙硅酸盐；10区代表贫Ca的变质泥岩、砂岩和石英-电气石岩；11区代表变质碳酸盐岩；12区代表变质镁铁质岩
Fig. 4. Classification of tourmaline (a－c), Ca-Fe-Mg diagram for tourmaline from various rock types (d) and characteristics (e, f) of trace elements in Mufushan pegmatites
图 5 幕阜山伟晶岩云母化学成分演化图和微量元素特征
Fig. 5. Chemical composition evolution of mica and characteristics of trace elements in Mufushan pegmatite
图 6 幕阜山伟晶岩钾长石、石榴子石、绿柱石和铌钽铁矿化学成分特征
图a、b为断峰山伟晶岩钾长石Rb/Cs、Be/Li图解；图c为断峰山伟晶岩中石榴子石端元成分图解；图d为断峰山伟晶岩中绿柱石FeO*+MgO-(Li2O+Na2O+K2O+Rb2O)图解；图e、f为铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩铌钽铁矿拉曼波峰特征
Fig. 6. Chemical composition characteristics of K-feldspar, garnet, beryl and columbite-tantalite in Mufushan pegmatite
图 7 幕阜山伟晶岩电气石Fe⁃Al和Al/(Al+Fe)⁃Na/(Na+X⁃空位)图解
Fig. 7. Fe⁃Al and Al/(Al+Fe)⁃Na/(Na+X⁃vac) diagram of tourmaline of pegmatite in Mufushan
图 8 幕阜山伟晶岩云母(a)、长石(b)、石榴子石(c)演化图解
底图数据据Selway et al.（2005）
Fig. 8. Evolution diagrams for mica (a), K-feldspar (b), garnet (c) in Mufushan pegmatites
图 10 色带电气石化学成分分析点示意图（a）和素描图（b）
Fig. 10. Analysis points(a)and drawing(b)of zoning tourmaline
图 11 色带电气石核部－边部化学成分变化图解
图a~d为色带电气石主量元素含量（%）变化图解；图e~h为色带电气石微量元素（10-6）变化图解
Fig. 11. Chemical composition changes from core to rim in zoning tourmaline
图 12 幕阜山伟晶岩钾长石K/Rb-Cs与化学演化图解
Fig. 12. K/Rb-Cs and chemical evolution of K-feldspar in Mufushan pegmatites
表 1 幕阜山伟晶岩脉分类
Table 1. Classification of pegmatite dykes in Mufushan
矿区 岩脉名称 岩脉类型 矿物组合 断峰山 电气石伟晶岩 Tur-伟晶岩 钾长石、钠长石、白云母、石英、石榴子石、电气石 电气石－绿柱石伟晶岩 Tur-Brl-伟晶岩 钾长石、钠长石、白云母、石英、石榴子石、绿柱石、电气石 绿柱石伟晶岩 Brl-伟晶岩 钾长石、钠长石、白云母、石英、石榴子石、绿柱石 铌钽铁矿－绿柱石伟晶岩 Col-Brl-伟晶岩 钾长石、钠长石、石英、白云母、绿柱石、石榴子石、铌钽铁矿 仁里 锂电气石－锂云母伟晶岩 Elb-Lpd-伟晶岩 钾长石、钠长石、石英、绿柱石、石榴子石、锂电气石、锂云母 
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